Memo+7+-+Three+Literatures,+Thirty+References+and+Short+Annotations

The Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law is a bimonthly publication published by Duke University Press. This publication serves as a primary source of communication across the various disciplines it associates with. According to their description, the Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law focuses on the initiation, formulation, and implementation of health policy and analyzes the relations between government and health in the past, present, and future. This publication analyzes and challenges terms and concepts in health policy debates and literature.
 * __Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law__**

Freedman, Benjamin, and Francoise Baylis. “Purpose and Function in Government-Funded Health Coverage.” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 12, no. 1 (March 20, 1987): 97–112. doi:10.1215/03616878-12-1-97. This article presents the argument that government-funded health insurance programs of which the payment is limited to procedures medically required or indicated is inadequate and causes many conflicts. Being so, an alternative to this established funding is presented in order to satisfy the clients of the government health insurance system.

Grogan, C. M. “The Murky Relationship between Ideology and the Role of Government in Health Policy.” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 37, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 361–64. doi:10.1215/03616878-1573058. This article presents the argument that predominantly conservative-controlled governments spend less on social welfare compared to predominantly liberal-controlled governments. The article also emphasizes hidden government spending, especially the government’s tendency to promote private development in the name of social welfare, but not attached to specific programs or agencies.

Lipsky, Michael, and Morris Lounds. “Citizen Participation and Health Care: Problems of Government Induced Participation.” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 1, no. 1 (March 20, 1976): 85–111. doi:10.1215/03616878-1-1-85. This article analyzes contradictions in government-inspired efforts to increase citizen participation in health care delivery. The main argument presented revolves around the reasoning behind the failed efforts to increase citizen participation in health delivery programs.

Mara, C. M. “The Samaritan’s Dilemma: Should Government Help Your Neighbor?” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 35, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 425–29. doi:10.1215/03616878-2010-007. This article is a review on the book //The Samaritan’s Dilemma: Should Government Help Your Neighbor// written by Deborah Stone. The main argument presented by the book being reviewed is focused on the common inability of policy-making methods to pair well with democracy. In addition, the author models society as a market, which minimizes democracy, decreases civic participation, and causes distrust in politics and government.

Moon, Marilyn, and Timothy Smeeding. “Medical Care Transfers, Poverty and the Aged.” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 6, no. 1 (March 20, 1981): 29–39. doi:10.1215/03616878-6-1-29. This article presents alternative approaches to calculate Medicare and Medicaid value and the impact these programs have on poverty. Ultimately, the estimated poverty reduction due to Medicare and Medicaid is 26-61%.

Morone, James A. “Enemies of the People: The Moral Dimension to Public Health.” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 22, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 993–1020. doi:10.1215/03616878-22-4-993. This article presents the argument that moral images and stereotypes have strong political consequences. The article also examines the construction of moral stigmas and how they are utilized in debates relating to public health issues.

Needleman, Jack. “The Role of Nonprofits in Health Care.” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 26, no. 5 (2001): 1113–30. This article examines the theory and evidence regarding the origin and behavior of nonprofit organizations, mainly focused on nonprofit hospitals. The article also works to analyze whether policy should/can tilt towards nonprofits based on certain considerations mentioned in the article.

Rockers, Peter C., Margaret E. Kruk, and Miriam J. Laugesen. “Perceptions of the Health System and Public Trust in Government in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Evidence from the World Health Surveys.” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 37, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 405–37. doi:10.1215/03616878-1573076. This article presents a study preformed that involved analyzing data from respondants preforming in the World Health Surveys. This study displayed that aspects of health systems in low- and middle- income countries may be associated with public trust in government.

Schlesinger, Mark, Bradford Gray, and Elizabeth Bradley. “Charity and Community: The Role of Nonprofit Ownership in a Managed Health Care System.” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 21, no. 4 (December 21, 1996): 697–750. doi:10.1215/03616878-21-4-697. This article explores the significance of the role of nonprofit ownership in a managed health care system, especially since managed care in America medicine has grown substantially in recent years. The article examines the modest ownership-related differences regarding profit and nonprofit managed care organizations.

Weaver, Jerry L. “Demographic Differences in Support for Government Measures to Control Health Care Costs.” //Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law// 1, no. 2 (June 20, 1976): 214–23. doi:10.1215/03616878-1-2-214. This article presents an analysis of data regarding the public opinion of proposals for health care cost controls in relation to certain demographics. The results displayed that community may be more significant than class when analyzing public support for forms of national health insurance and regulatory policies.

Health Affairs is a peer-reviewed leading journal of health policy thought and research that is published monthly; it explores health policy issues of current concern on domestic and international levels. This journal was founded by Project HOPE (nonprofit international health education organization) in 1981. The mission of Health Affairs is to serve as a high-level, nonpartisan forum in order to promote analysis and discussion regarding improving health and health care, and addressing issues relating to health care such as cost, quality, and access. The information on Health Affairs is contributed by top scholars, policymakers, and health care industry leaders in the following forms: feature articles, report from the field, entry point, analysis and commentary, interviews, narrative matters, GrantWatch, book reviews, and letters to the editor.
 * __Health Affairs__**

Bloche, M. G. “Should Government Intervene to Protect Nonprofits?” //Health Affairs// 17, no. 5 (September 1, 1998): 7–25. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.17.5.7. This article examines the controversy between the merits of nonprofits and for-profits in relation to the potential and limits of government involvement. There is currently no persuasive argument that supports favoring protection for nonprofit organizations.

Blustein, J., and E. C. Hoy. “Who Is Enrolled in for-Profit vs. Nonprofit Medicare HMOs?” //Health Affairs// 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 210–20. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.19.1.210. This article analyzes the comparison of characteristics between those enrolled in for-profit and nonprofit Medicare health plans. Evidence was identified in older Americans that those enrolled in for-profit plans are poorer and less educated than those in nonprofit plans.

Cabin, William, David U. Himmelstein, Michael L. Siman, and Steffie Woolhandler. “For-Profit Medicare Home Health Agencies’ Costs Appear Higher And Quality Appears Lower Compared To Nonprofit Agencies.” //Health Affairs// 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 1460–65. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0307. This article comparatively analyzes the performance of for-profit and nonprofit home health agencies. Ultimately, the results from this analysis questions the efficiency of Medicare’s home care payment system and whether for-profit agencies should continue to be eligible for Medicare payments.

Erickson, David, and Nancy Andrews. “Partnerships Among Community Development, Public Health, And Health Care Could Improve The Well-Being Of Low-Income People.” //Health Affairs// 30, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 2056–63. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0896. This article presents the proposal of a four-point plan to help ensure collaborations between the community development industry and the health sector achieve positive outcomes and progress for both residents and investors. It has been proven that the community development industry has the potential to improve the causes of poor health.

Gray, Bradford H., and Mark Schlesinger. “Charitable Expectations Of Nonprofit Hospitals: Lessons From Maryland.” //Health Affairs// 28, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): w809–21. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.w809. This article presents the argument that there is little knowledge regarding nonprofit hospitals’ community benefit since the focus is narrowly on charity care. The article analyzes a subset of data in order to examine where the community benefit spending exists with regard to nonprofit hospitals.

Hale, Victoria G., Katherine Woo, and Helene Levens Lipton. “Oxymoron No More: The Potential Of Nonprofit Drug Companies To Deliver On The Promise Of Medicines For The Developing World.” //Health Affairs// 24, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 1057–63. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.4.1057. This article presents the concept of a nonprofit pharmaceutical company that works to develop and distribute drugs for diseases endemic in developing countries. The reason for presenting this concept is due to the fact that pharmaceutical companies fall short when it comes to meeting the needs of those in resource poor nations.

Probst, Janice C., Jessica D. Bellinger, Katrina M. Walsemann, James Hardin, and Saundra H. Glover. “Higher Risk Of Death In Rural Blacks And Whites Than Urbanites Is Related To Lower Incomes, Education, And Health Coverage.” //Health Affairs// 30, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1872–79. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0668. This article presents a study regarding mortality among urban and rural white, black, and Hispanic adults. The results from this study suggest that policies that are directed towards reducing differences related to education, poverty, and health insurance would be a major contribution towards closing the gap between urban and rural populations with regard to health status.

Schlesinger, Mark, and Bradford H. Gray. “How Nonprofits Matter In American Medicine, And What To Do About It.” //Health Affairs// 25, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): W287–303. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.25.w287. This article presents a new ownership-related policy that defines the appropriate forms of community benefit and mix of ownership in terms of local markets and communities. This argument is presented due to the fact that nonprofit health care is being questioned with regard to reliability to provide community benefits that correspond with their tax subsidies.

Schlesinger, Mark, Shannon Mitchell, and Bradford H. Gray. “Public Expectations Of Nonprofit And For-Profit Ownership In American Medicine: Clarifications And Implications.” //Health Affairs// 23, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 181–91. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.23.6.181. This article assesses how Americans view nonprofit and for-profit ownership. This assessment was established due to the fact that policymakers, advocates, and scholars make claims regarding how the American public believes ownership affects the delivery of medical care.

Wilensky, Gail R., and David Satcher. “Don’t Forget About The Social Determinants Of Health.” //Health Affairs// 28, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): w194–98. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.2.w194. This article presents the argument that focusing on social determinants would be more effective and less costly than waiting until people become sick and seek care. This argument was presented due to the pressure on Obama administration to reform health care.

Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing has been releasing four publications a year since 2001. Inquiry’s mission is to “contribute to the ongoing improvement in the nation’s health care system by serving as a thoughtful forum for the communication and discussion of relevant public policy issues, innovative concepts, and original research and demonstration in the areas of health care organization, provision, and financing”.
 * __Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing__**

Bjork, David Albert. “Regulation of Executive Compensation at Nonprofit Health Care Organizations: Coming Changes?” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 7–16. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_47.01.7. This article analyzes changes that nonprofit health care providers and insurers should consider in order to reduce further scrutiny and regulation of their executive pay practices. This analysis is necessary due to the fact that executive compensation in tax-exempt health care organizations have experienced a lot of scrutiny in recent time.

“Compensation for Nonprofit Health Care Board Members: The Right Path or a Minefield?” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 49, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 9–14. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_49.01.02. This article summarizes the discussion of a group of creditable individuals regarding the following questions: Are there circumstances under which it is appropriate for a nonprofit health care organization to compensate, or to consider compensating, some or all of its board members? Would board members receiving some level of compensation tend to take their board assignments more seriously? If compensation is deemed appropriate for some board members, should all be compensated to at least some degree? Where a board decides that all its members should receive some compensation, should individual board members be permitted to opt out?

Connelly, Michael D. “The Sea Change in Nonprofit Governance: A New Universe of Opportunities and Responsibilities.” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 6–20. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_41.1.6. This article analyzes the causes and implications of the recent change in the governance of nonprofits. The article also presents five success factors that are directed towards the senior management of nonprofits in order to improve board performance.

Gardner, Lara, and Sharmila Vishwasrao. “Physician Quality and Health Care for the Poor and Uninsured.” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 62–80. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_47.01.62. This article presents the argument that uninsured and Medicated patients that are treated by lower-quality physicians because of the hospitals the patients consult and the sorting that occurs within those hospitals. Ultimately, the patients’ health status and their treatment quality are responsible for their health outcomes.

Kramer, Jeffrey, and Rexford E. Santerre. “Not-for-Profit Hospital CEO Performance and Pay: Some Evidence from Connecticut.” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 47, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 242–51. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_47.03.242. This article analyzes the relationship between CEO performance and pay based off of observations of chief executive officers in not-for-profit hospitals. The observed behavior questions the desirability of allowing these hospitals a tax exemption on earned income, property, and purchases.

Longest, Beaufort B. “Nonprofit Health Systems: A Promising New Class of Corporate Citizen.” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 39, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 334–40. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_39.4.334. This article presents the argument that there is a need for system leaders to find compelling reasons to assume demanding roles as a corporate citizen. In addition, these system leaders must learn how to play citizenship roles more fully and effectively in order to realize the potential social good that is available through health systems’ corporate citizenship.

Metcalfe, Marcia. “Advancing the Role of Nonprofit Health Care.” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 39, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 96–100. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_39.2.96. This article is geared summarizes the discussions of a group of creditable individuals with regard to the current challenges of nonprofit health care organizations and the future role of nonprofits when it comes to envisioning and creating an American health care system with certain characteristics.

“Nonprofit Health Care Market Concentration and the Public Interest.” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 48, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 102–8. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_48.02.07. This article summarizes the discussion of a group of creditable individuals regarding the following questions: What are the forces behind market concentration? Is such concentration good or bad with respect to the public interest? What role is government playing, and should it play, to protect the public interest in markets that currently are concentrated or have the potential to be concentrated?

Schlesinger, Mark, Shannon Mitchell, and Bradford Gray. “Measuring Community Benefits Provided by Nonprofit and For-Profit HMOs.” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 40, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 114–32. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_40.2.114. This article compares community benefit activities of nonprofit and for-profit health maintenance organizations (HMOs). The article also presents implications for policy and future research.

“The Promise and Pitfalls of the Federal Health Care Reform Law for Nonprofit Health Care Organizations and the People They Serve.” //INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing// 47, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 278–84. doi:10.5034/inquiryjrnl_47.04.27 This article summarizes the discussion of a group of creditable individuals regarding the following questions: What areas did Congress get right/wrong regarding expansion of coverage, reforming the private health insurance market, reforming health care delivery, and bending the cost curve? What areas especially need amending? What must nonprofit health care organizations do strategically in response to the law?