Anderson+Draft+Literature+Review+Redo

College students can be considered emerging adults (Arnett, 2004) . Emerging adults are still exploring to find their place in the world (Arnett, 2000) . Many factors shape teenagers and college students in determining whether they will be environmentalists or promote environmentalism (Gentina & Muratore, 2012; Pempek, Yermolayeva, & Calvert, 2009; Wray-Lake, Flanagan, & Osgood, 2010, p. -) . College students can be divided into several subcultures, though there are debates about how many and what subcultures to include (Ellis, Parelius, & Parelius, 1971; Warren, 1968) . It is important to study youth because youth shape the culture of the future (Bucholtz, 2002) . College students, in fact, were observed to change their political viewpoints during college (Weiner & Eckland, 1979) .

Political movements as we know them today began in 18th century Britain (Tilly & Wood, 2013) . In general, political movements arise because people are unhappy with their government. One theory for why political movements form is because people are frustrated with a lack of upward mobility, while other theories point to a rapidly changing society or a decline in a particular social group’s status <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Walder, 2009) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Regardless of the exact cause of political movements, it is likely that social inequality and power play roles in determining the formation of political movements <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Pellow & Nyseth Brehm, 2013) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">. College students could fit into pretty much any of these categories, especially that of a lack of upward mobility. In any case, people involved in political movements want to show, either violently or nonviolently, that things need to change <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Tilly & Wood, 2013) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Authoritarian governments tend to crush opposition, while the US government has amendments to its constitution protecting people’s rights to free speech and to peacefully protest.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The use of technology has changed social movements to some extent; people do not need to be as close to each other as they used to have to be when news of activism was spread by word of mouth. Facebook events and other events created through social media can spread the word rapidly and easily. The result of using social media, however, is that some people are excluded because they do not have the technology. The use of technology also allows news of a particular event to spread far more rapidly, meaning that people might be in solidarity with others halfway across the world. Videos uploaded to the Internet can allow people to get a glimpse of tyrannies or police brutality and take action within that country, or, if the video spreads further, from outside of the country. Movements themselves can be international <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Tilly & Wood, 2013) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">During recent years, environmentalism has changed its focus to New Ecology and environmental justice <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Goralnik & Nelson, 2011) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">. New Ecology states that humans are part of the environment, instead of dirty things to keep out of pure, protected areas <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Scoones, 1999) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Environmentalists are working on understanding New Ecology and incorporating it into their work <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Bookchin, n.d.) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Environmental movements sometimes focus more on garnering media attention and general public awareness instead of just political change <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Wapner, 1995) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">.