Annotations+(Dan+F)

Short Annotations: 1. Wickramasinghe, A. (2011). Energy access and transition to cleaner cooking fuels and technologies in Sri Lanka: Issues and policy limitations. //Energy Policy//, //39//(12), 7567–7574. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.032

I. "There is a great need for clean-burning fuel for cooking, smoke elimination, drudgery reduction, food security, health, productivity, environmental improvement, and women’s welfare."

"The key question that arises is why the clean sources of fuel that are accessible to the households and already used for lighting are not being used for cooking. For example, the households using kerosene for lighting have a keen interest in discontinuing kerosene usage if electricity is made available at an accessible distance."

"A switch to clean cooking facilities is only feasible if the costs do not create an additional burden on the household budget and all other requirements can be met without creating serious financial pressure."

II. In order for cleaner stove to be adopted in Sri Lanka, Alternatives will have to cost no more then the free access to wood the people already have. Having clean stoves is not a priority. Knowledge can help combat this but until the true cost of biomass is internalized the costs will not compare correctly in clean stoves favor.

III. The main argument is supported through graphical representations, mainstream clean cook stove projects and literature, and the Sri Lankan's personal experiences via survey. Social, financial, and health are examined among other things.

IV. This text adds knowledge to the stove movement, sustainable development/globalization literature, and general information on the people of Sri Lanka.

V. This adds to my argument because the people of Sri Lanka are reluctant to adopt a more efficient system because of the global view of what constitutes and externality. it is unreasonable to encourage poor countries to pay more when the developed world used this source for ages before progressing further. What right do we have to force this premature change on others and will it even be effective? Sri Lanka answers no.

VI. The people have electricity but have no desire to switch cooking methods because of perceived cost, the study indicates that if women took up a job in place of gathering wood they would achieve the same result with cleaner cooking methods which defeats the purpose of freeing them from the task, and the alternatives in question are finite resources that will run out just as they will for the rest of the developing world.

2. Foell, W., Pachauri, S., Spreng, D., & Zerriffi, H. (2011). Household cooking fuels and technologies in developing economies. //Energy Policy//, //39//(12), 7487–7496. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.016

I. "2.7 billion people, some 40% of the world’s population, currently rely on directly burning biomass for their primary cooking fuel 1"

" Globally, about 1(1/2) million people – mostly women and children – die prematurely every year because of exposure to indoor air pollution from inefficient biomass combustion, greater than the number from malaria or tuberculosis"

"There is a growing consensus that the sustainable development of improved household cooking systems will require a dominant private sector role."

II. The social issues and health impacts relating to traditional stove use must be abolished through clean stove practices.

III. The argument is Supported through Graphs, past work done in this field, and social issues like global warming and gender inequality.

IV. The Main literature this text draws on and contributes to are the clean cook stoves movement, Globalization and development, and health.

V. This Article Contributes to my argument because it gives a lot of facts and figures I can use for an overview of the stove movement, it will inform the questions I ask interviewees, and outlines how impossible the millennium goal can be for adopting these stove systems.

VI. My arguments will examine weather for profit industries have a place in this system, whether the people are being told or asked to adopt new systems, and if those systems are varied or singular in design for each progression. The speed required to meet this goal undermined the point of doing such work. Why should they reduce there impact if we refuse to?

3. Stone, R. (2006). Simron Singh profile. After the tsunami: a scientist’s dilemma. //Science (New York, N.Y.)//, //313//(5783), 32–35. doi:10.1126/science.313.5783.32

I. “Any policy on the Andaman aboriginal groups should allow them a large measure of independence in choosing their own future,”

"Human-rights and environmental groups are not satisfied, however, and petitioned the Supreme Court to force the government to cocoon the Jarawa and other tribes from the outside world; a verdict is expected soon"

"Recently, each family received cash compensation from the Indian government. The money has been burning a hole through the tribal pocket, as islanders pay two or three times the going rate for everything from motorcycles to DVD players. “The accumulation of capital is rare, if not unknown,” Singh says. “It’s the major problem at the moment.”

II. There is a traditional method for scientific approach to interaction with unique ancient cultures and this text examines under what conditions this method could be breach to achieve a positive affect.

III. The argument is supported by the effect government subsidy has, on the ground experience, and the wishes of the local people.

IV. The main literatures this text adds to are scientific and anthropological ethics and methods, disaster relief, and Sustainable development and globalization.

V. The argument relates to how we should interact with "Undeveloped" groups of people and some of the pitfalls of development so I can use this as both a successful example and a clear foundation for the damage outsiders can cause.

VI. This will support my narrative because Humanitarians want isolations, governments provide cash subsidy that destroys economies and ruins culture, and disaster relief is a force for development. in this case the scientist provides information and options instead of infrastructure, so he is not overly destructive.

4. Shrimali, G., Slaski, X., Thurber, M. C., & Zerriffi, H. (2011). Improved stoves in India: A study of sustainable business models. //Energy Policy//, //39//(12), 7543–7556. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.031

I. " NGOs have not made a significant impact in increasing access to improved stoves; the vast majority of stoves now in use were distributed by government programs—particularly the Chinese and Indian programs"

" The emphasis on commercially sustainable solutions also reflects a broader shift in the conventional wisdom on how to improve the welfare of the poor, with donors focusing on catalyzing markets rather than providing indefinite support"

" Many previous government and NGO pro- grams simply failed to offer consumers anything that made a switch away from traditional cooking methods compelling. There can be a temptation to blame consumers for failing to recognize the health or other benefits of a new technology."

II. Thus far, clean stove adoption has not been entirely effective because of various factors relating to methods of dissemination. Addressing the shortcomings will allow for a higher success rate.

III. The argument of the paper is supported by a comparison between stove producing countries, an analysis of the current literature available on the subject, and the social issues that led to the identification of this need for change.

IV. The literatures drawn on by the paper are globalization, microfinance, and for-profit development

V. This paper shows that market solutions can't reach the poorest of the poor and that the health factors that drive so many humanitarian efforts are not a priority for locals.

VI. This paper will support my view on approaching development through market approaches and how it has a negative effect a lot of the time. It also supports my ideas on reasons appropriate technologies are adopted and not adopted.

5. L’Orange, C., Volckens, J., & DeFoort, M. (2012). Influence of stove type and cooking pot temperature on particulate matter emissions from biomass cook stoves. //Energy for Sustainable Development//, //16//(4), 448–455. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2012.08.008

I. "Results indicate that for the WBT total mass emissions (as compared to size resolved emissions) is likely suf ␣ cient to compare cook stove designs, however, comparing health results between test protocols (where elements such as cook pot tempera- ture may change) may not be appropriate due to changing particle size distributions."

"The objective of this research was to investigate the infuence of stove design, stove temperature, and cooking pot temperature on the mass and size of particles emitted by biomass cook stoves."

"PM size distributions emitted by the gasifer stove were broader than those from natural draft stoves."

II. Determine particle size based on a number of parameters to compare stove to make recommendations about which stove produce smallest particulates.

III. The text is supported by lab data and the health effects that warrant the study.

IV. The knowledge created is in the field of Energy, sustainable development, and health.

V. The paper shows that not all alternative stoves are equal and gets very technical in the health factors, which will impact how I approach stove alternatives.

VI. I will be using the in depth health data relating to particle size and exposure as well as the particle sizes found for different stoves. This will provide context.

6. Pretes, M. (2002). Microequity and Microfinance. //World Development//, //30//(8), 1341–1353. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00044-X

I. "There are three major reasons the poor cannot access formal credit: a scarcity of investment capital in developing countries, the need to be near a bank branch to access services, and the inability of the poor to assume the risk of repayment if the business venture fails."

"Microcredit institutions may have difficulty in reaching the very poor because, especially in East Africa, most microcredit organizations conduct their work in urban areas, where loan clients are concentrated in close proximity, re- ducing the costs of monitoring and collecting loans. The rural poor often cannot access mi- crocredit facilities due to distance."

"A potential obstacle to grant-based micro- finance is the long-term sustainability of the grant-making agencies."

II. Microequity could be the the best approach to bringing developing countries out of poverty even when compared to mircrofinance.

III. The paper is supported by excerpts from other authors in the field, a history and comparison of options available, and specific case studies of certain organizations.

IV. This paper adds understanding and knowledge in the fields of ecconomics and development.

V. This will challenge my ideas, but its unsustainability will make it a problem that my work hopes to ameliorate.

VI. I can use the details on the definitions of microfinance and the history of alternatives along with my own comments to what the authors believe is acceptable.

7. Karnani, A. (2007). Microfinance Misses Its Mark (SSIR). //Stanford Social Innovation review//. Retrieved from http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/microfinance_misses_its_mark

I. "If societies are serious about helping the poorest of the poor, they should stop investing in microfinance and start supporting large, labor-intensive industries."

"Microloans are more beneficial to borrowers living above the poverty line than to borrowers living below the poverty line. 11 This is because clients with more income are willing to take the risks, such as investing in new tech- nologies, that will most likely increase income flows. Poor borrowers, on the other hand, tend to take out conservative loans that protect their subsistence, and rarely invest in new technology, fixed capital, or the hiring of labor."

" Much of the developing world is like- wise missing a vibrant public sector. In response to these short- comings, a growing number of people believe that markets would do a better job of providing these same services."

II. One large loan for a company that can employ peoople is better than a ton of individual loans that are far less profitable.

III. The text uses examples form realworld situations, stunning images, and graphs to support the views put forth in the paper.

IV. This paper contributes to existing knowledge in the fields of economics and development.

V. This text will help me make my arguments because it provides a market based appraoch to solving the development problem. I do not generally aggree with market based solutions because they have too little regulation in most contexts among other reasons.

VI. I will use the main argument in the paper as a contrast to my own opinions along with the responsibilities of government in development.

8. Morduch, J. (2000). The Microfinance Schism. //World Development//, //28//(4), 617–629. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00151-5

I. "Poor house- holds are typically excluded from the formal banking system for lack of collateral, but the microfinance movement exploits new contrac- tual structures and organizational forms that reduce the riskiness and costs of making small, uncollateralized loans."

"But the power of the win-win visionÐthat clients demand credit access at whatever the costs has hindered the broader encouragement of experimentation, innovation, and the exchange of experiences that can lead to (a) new financial products for which the ``core'' poor are willing and able to pay rela- tively high charges and (b) cheaper ways to deliver financial services to poor clients"

"Ironically, it is the success of the ``first wave finance- for-the-poor schemes, and particularly the Grameen Bank, that is the greatest obstacle to future experimentation. Most designers and sponsors of new initia- tives have abandoned innovation, and ``replication is leading to a growing uniformity in financial interventions."

II. Recognizing the pitfalls of the Win-Win idealism of microfinance can be helpful for future endeavors.

III. The arguments are supported by real world examples and quotes from experts in the field.

IV. This paper contributes to the knowledge base surrounding economics and development.

V. I will be able to use the ideas set forth to show flaws in the current market appraoch and hopefully substitute some of my own ideas where there are shortcomings.

VI. I will use details relating to the minimal role of governemnt, cost benefit analysis of microfinance systems, and the subsidy trap.

9. Scott, A., & Storper, M. (2003). Regions, Globalization, Development. //Regional Studies//, //37//(6-7), 549–578. doi:10.1080/0034340032000108697a

I. "conventional theories of the relationship between urbanization and economic development have favoured the view that the former is simply an effect of the latter. To be fully general, the theory of development must incorporate the role of cities and regions as active and causal elements in the economic growth process."

"An associated idea is that developing countries urbanize too much and too fast, generating ‘macrocephalic’ urban systems consisting of a few abnormally large cities in each country. These cities are said to have excessively high urban densities, and their size and rapid growth result in a panoply of economic, social and environmental problems."

"In many advanced countries, evidence shows that major metropolitan areas are growing faster than other areas of the national territory, even in those countries where, for a time in the 1970s, there appeared to be a turn toward a dominant pattern of non-metropolitan growth"

II. Specific types of regions, namely cities are causal factor in development just as they are the effect of development.

III. The main argument is supported with others work on the subject, a discussion of disparities in the current system, and a discussion of agglomeration in terms of development.

VI. This text adds to current knowledge in the field of economics and development.

V. This text provides a perspective I am not used to seeing in the mainstream discourse in so much detail, so whether I use it or not it will provide important points on development and causation of development.

VI. I will use details on the cause of agglomeration in development, problems mentioned in current theory, and the general geography of development.

10. MacCarty, N., Still, D., & Ogle, D. (2010). Fuel use and emissions performance of fifty cooking stoves in the laboratory and related benchmarks of performance. //Energy for Sustainable Development//, //14//(3), 161–171. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2010.06.002

I. "Generally rocket stoves with lightweight (and hotter) combustion chambers emitted less PM, while those with heavy (colder) combustion chambers did not quite meet the benchmark."

"Generally, less fuel is used to boil and simmer water when the pot surface is directly exposed to flame and hot gases. This is why chimney stoves with sunken pots can even meet the non-chimney stove benchmark of 15 MJ."

"Data on more than fifty cooking stoves is now available in the Aprovecho Research Center library, and is used to evaluate and improve forthcoming designs."

II. The purpose of the paper was to propose bench marks for clean cooks stoves through analysis of tests recorded in the paper.

III. The text includes charts, equations, and real life examples to support arguments.

IV. This paper contributes to understanding development, health, global warming, and stove efficiency.

V. Understanding the most efficient stoves to use that are simple enough for wide spread dissemination is important when interviewing people of the field. I may also be able to include some of it to support the use of some stoves over others if it comes up in my paper.

VI. I can use the results on rocket stoves in comparison top others, the total amount of cooking stoves researched, and the health effects associated with traditional cooking fires.

11. Hartmann, T., & Sacks, S. (2012). How America Is Turning into a 3rd World Nation in 4 Easy Steps. //AlterNet//. Retrieved from http://www.alternet.org/economy/how-america-turning-3rd-world-nation-4-easy-steps?page=0%2C3&akid=9674.29753.lrx_-y&rd=1&src=newsletter742846&t=9

I. "From 1791, when our nation's first Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton created an 11-point plan for American manufacturers, all the way until just the last few decades, the United States protected its manufacturing base with high tariffs on imports and government support for domestic industries."

"In the 1960's, one-in-three Americans worked in manufacturing, producing things of lasting wealth. Today, after jumping head first into one free trade agreement after another, only one-in- ten Americans works in manufacturing."

" Thanks to globalization, it's just a cheaper to employ labor in low-wage nations even if that means laying off 170 American workers and devastating an entire local economy."

II. The United States is steadily getting more and more like a third world country.

III. The argument is supported by the reduction of manufacturing in America, harvesting the middle class, exporting American wealth, and re-colonization of the U.S. by foreign companies.

IV. The text draws upon the history of American foreign policy.

V. This is a very current description of what is happening in the U.S. that has been confirmed by the theories in other papers I have read to add to my own work. It explains how a country can get worse under globalization because of free market policies.

VI. I will use details on the history of American policy and its impact on the common citizen in America.

12. Lie, J. (1996). Globalization and Its Discontents. //Contemporary Sociology//, //25//(5), 585–587. doi:10.2307/2077530

I. "Globalization- like all buzzwords- is a concatenation of disparate meanings and evokes inter alia the power of transnational corporations and the integration of international finance, the diffusion of technological innovations such as fax and internet, and the emergence of homogeneous commodity culture around the world."

"A social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding."

"In addition to historical (colonial) and neocolonial relations that connect people in overdeveloped and the underdeveloped world, transnational relations beckon analysts to break out of the straightjacket of national boundaries."

II. Sociologists need to pay serious attention to globalization because up until this point they have been remiss.

III. The argument is supported by examples of real life trends, quotes from other authors on the subject, and basic components of early globalization (namely which points of it should be paid attention to).

IV. This adds to knowledge surrounding early globalization.

V. This paper is a little outdated but I found it interesting because language has changed, but the issues are generally the same. This will support the idea that globalization is just rebranded from earlier forms.

VI. I can use the definitions of globalization.

13. Renard, M.-C. (2003). Fair trade: quality, market and conventions. //Journal of Rural Studies//, //19//(1), 87–96. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00051-7

I. "The concern that Fair Trade is being reabsorbed by the market is not idle speculation but rather is sustained by the growing interest of certain sectors of food production and distribution in fair trade."

"Fair Trade is an example of how economic relation- ships do not necessarily eliminate the possibility of cooperation among its agents to construct rules and mobilize collective resources: coordination among economic agents is not founded exclusively on relations of free competition nor on the mechanics of classical economic paradigms"

"Fair Trade organizations need to institutionalize the criteria of certification and to seek state recognition. In other words, coordination by civic opinion needs to be reinforced by public authority through the recognition of their criteria and official institutionalization of their symbol so that it is not reabsorbed by the market."

II. Fair trade has the potential to be absorbed back into the market, but it is important not to lose sight of the social factors it was founded on.

III. The argument is supported by the history of the fair trade movement, current changes in the field, and other papers on the subject written by different authors.

IV. This paper draws on and adds to knowledge surrounding globalization and development as well as the social aspects of economics.

V. Fair trade is seen as a solution by many people to some of the market and social problems that should be addressed globally. Introducing fair trade is important to my argument because parts of it work, but parts of it just prop up the old system that probably should have just been changed all together.

VI. I will use details on the list of products currently under fair trade agreements, the benefit of fair trade, and the disadvantages.

14. Renard, M.-C. (2005). Quality certification, regulation and power in fair trade. //Journal of Rural Studies//, //21//(4), 419–431. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.09.002

I. "In a context of agrofood market saturation, marketing strategies centered on quality, product differentiation, and market segmentation allow firms to evade price-based competition between identical products while also responding to the increasingly differentiated demand structure associated with a postFordist global economy."

" Quality, in this sense, does not refer only to intrinsic food characteristics such as physical qualities including nutritional content, hygiene, and organoleptic ‘taste’ qualities, but also to cultural and ethical qualities."

" It exists today in 14 countries of Europe, the United States, Canada and Japan, principally under the names and labels of Max Havelaar, TransFair and Fairtrade."

II. As fair trade has been used by more and more groups it has become increasingly complex and it's position in the global market has fractured and changed.

III. The main argument is supported a historical background of fair trade, changes in the number of fair trade certifications, and real world examples of situations in which fair trade definitions have been fundamentally changed.

IV. This text draws on and adds understanding to the fields of globalization and development and socially ethical consumption.

V. Understanding how the fair trade system has fractures allows me to argue the inefficiencies of such an approach to social issues.

VI. I can use details on the power struggle and the requirements for joining and maintaining fair trade status.

15. Goodman, M. K. (2010). The mirror of consumption: Celebritization, developmental consumption and the shifting cultural politics of fair trade. //Geoforum//, //41//(1), 104–116. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.08.003

I. " If development can be bought just about everywhere now through developmental consumption, so too has it thoroughly infiltrated popular culture through various media forms."

" Celebrities often become ‘our’ representatives in the places of poverty they go to, speaking for and to us as ‘normal’ people suggesting that ‘we are all in this together’ to solve the problems of poverty and development."

" The connective and meaning-full transparency of fair trade net- works had become a liability in the rapidly mainstreaming spaces of fair trade quality."

II. Fair trade has become a major tool for social politics among celebrities as a means of strengthening their images, but it is not entirely clear if the affects are very positive.

III. The argument is supported by the writings of others in the field, the purpose of fair trade, and how it has been repurposed.

IV. This paper draws on and adds to understanding in the fields of globalization and development, socially ethical consumption.

V. I can use this celebritization as an argument against fair trade as well as the narrowness of the focus on these products.

VI. I will outline the celebritization of fair trade products, the quality of goods on the market, and shifts in labeling practices.

16. Marston, A. (2013). Justice for all? Material and semiotic impacts of Fair Trade craft certification. //Geoforum//, //44//, 162–169. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.09.013

I. " In a sense, certification formalizes and simplifies the simultaneous processes already inherent in the production of Fair Trade goods. The material practices of certification – evaluation and monitoring – ensure that the material conditions of Fair Trade production are maintained."

" I argue that the shift to certification erects rigidities within the Fair Trade system that belie two of the movement’s primary goals: to assist marginalized craftspeople and to re-embed the market in social relations"

" Specifically, this paper argues that the material practice of cer- tification makes it difficult for artisans to join the formal Fair Trade network, while the semiotic practice of labeling reduces the degree to which Fair Trade can claim to be ‘‘lifting the veil’’ on commodity fetishism."

II. Fair trade is not fair to all because there are too many barriers to the entry of the market and the conditions are often unreasonable.

III. The argument is supported by the relevant history of fair trade, other authors’ views, and real life examples of the failings of free trade.

IV. This text adds knowledge to globalization and development and social consumption.

V. I believe there are too many barriers to fair trade to make it free enough to make a real difference so this text will support my arguments surrounding this point.

VI. I will use details on the requirements for certification, the products that can be certified fair trade, and the problems with a certification system that uses labels.

17. Raynolds, L. T. (2012). Fair Trade: Social regulation in global food markets. //Journal of Rural Studies//, //28//(3), 276–287. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.03.004

I. " Fair Trade links labor, community, and environmental concerns primarily in food items like coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, and bananas."

" These new governance systems are often referred to as “private regulations” since they are not state-mandated and depend on voluntary participation by economic firms"

" Fair Trade can be seen as questioning the legitimacy of “industrial” and “commercial” norms where items are valued based on production efficiency and price and trade is guided by free market competition and promoting a re-qualification of economic activity based on “civic” and “relational” ideas and practices. 1 In redefining trade as a “partnership,” Fair Trade deploys widely held social values of interpersonal trust which are commonly associated with face-to-face interactions but are here extended internationally."

II. Fair trade is not a private regulation so much as it is a social regulation.

III. The argument is supported by other author’s accounts of the subject, charts of data, and statistics.

IV. This text adds to and draws on understanding in the field of development and social aspects of consumption.

V. I will probably use the idea of social regulation to point out the inefficiencies and compare it to public regulation.

VI. I will use details on how fair trade can contribute to sustainability, what items can be traded under this system, and the split between European and American fair trade certifications.

18. Mann, S. (2008). Analysing fair trade in economic terms. //The Journal of Socio-Economics//, //37//(5), 2034–2042. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2007.11.002

I. " Indeed, the growth of a market which is best known for asking for higher prices than usual without delivering extra (physical) product quality is unprecedented and deserves scientific attention."

" The welfare losses arise as producers are tempted to produce although their marginal costs may exceed the market equilibrium and therefore the marginal utility for consumers."

" One may therefore say that Western consumers, in the fair trade market, purchase not only the physical product, but also jointly a certain quality of relations which do not involve them themselves."

II. The purpose of this paper is to show that there is economic theory behind fair trade products and it can help improve upon the system even if it is a form of social regulation.

III. The argument is supported by willingness to pay, moral hazard, and surplus.

IV. This text draws on and adds to understandin in development and economics.

V. I will use the economics components of the theory to examine how economic theory is useful despite major flaws that called for fair trade in the first place.

VI. I will use details on willingness to pay, supply and demand, and moral hazard.

19. Davis, M. (2006). Planet of Slums. //New Perspectives Quarterly//, //23//(2), 6–11. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5842.2006.00797.x

I. "In so many cases, middle classes are being created around the world today not by broadening or deepening the wealth of the whole society, but through transfers of wealth away from the poor, for example through cutting subsidies and the privatization of public assets in Third World countries. So there is a dynamic linkage between the nouveau riche on the one hand and poverty and exclusion on the other."

" It is true, as in China, that you see on a world scale the reduction of absolute poverty—people making under $1 a day. But that leaves an enormous population of urban dwellers making less than $2 a day. They are swelling the boundaries of megacities across the less-developed world, sprawling up unstable hillsides, down across flood plains and along the banks of toxic rivers down- stream from dirty industry."

" What I’m claiming is that this very large fraction of humanity that is excluded from a viable human future is experimenting in a variety of ways how to survive. And they are doing it at a time when not only formal development strategies, including microcredit, are less effective, but also strategies of the poor themselves, such as squatting, because of property titling that leads to ownership and thus increasing competition and rents the poorest of the poor can’t afford."

II. The inefficiencies of globalization have led to the creation of immense slums on the edges of cities in urban settings. this is a huge problem that needs to be addressed.

III. The main argument is supported by statistics, pictures, and the detrimental effects of living in slums

IV. This interview adds knowledge to the field of globalization and development, and world poverty.

V. I will use the slums as a strengthening argument for the flaws of globalization.

VI. I will use details on how crowded it is, how squatting has been privatized, and the incidence of disease.

20. Illich, I. (1968). To Hell with Good Intentions. //In An Address to the Conference on InterAmerican Student Projects (CIASP) in Cuernavaca, Mexico//, //20//.

I. " By definition, you cannot help being ultimately vacationing salesmen for the middle-class "American Way of Life," since that is really the only life you know."

" The U.S. way of life has become a religion which must be accepted by all those who do not want to die by the sword - or napalm."

" All you will do in a Mexican village is create disorder. At best, you can try to convince Mexican girls that they should marry a young man who is self-made, rich, a consumer, and as disrespectful of tradition as one of you. At worst, in your "community development" spirit you might create just enough problems to get someone shot after your vacation ends_ and you rush back to your middleclass neighborhoods where your friends make jokes about "spits" and "wetbacks.""

II. While students may be well meaning in there projects abroad, they cannot help but influence locals by there differences in how they live and their beliefs. III. The argument is supported by the author’s personal experience and observations.

IV. The speech adds to views in the discourse of development.

V. While slightly outdated at this point, I know for a fact a lot of the same kind of thing is still occurring and should be stopped.

VI. I will use details including the "American salesman", the impact of foreign culture in general, and the well-meaning intentions of Americans.

21. MacCarty, N., Ogle, D., Still, D., Bond, T., & Roden, C. (2008). A laboratory comparison of the global warming impact of five major types of biomass cooking stoves. //Energy for Sustainable Development//, //12//(2), 56–65. doi:10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60429-9

I. " The laboratory results showed that for situations of sustainable harvesting where CO 2 emissions are considered neutral, some improved stoves with rocket-type combustion or fan assistance can reduce overall warming impact from the products of incomplete combustion (PICs) by as much as 50-95%."

" In perfect combustion, emissions from burning fuel would be only carbon dioxide and water. If biomass was completely combusted, and the fuel was harvested sustainably, cooking with biomass could be a carbon-neutral situation."

" The “rocket stove” technology has been available for 25 years."

II. More efficient stoves can reduce the problems associated with incomplete combustion.

III. The argument is supported by pictures, charts, and graphs.

IV. This articles adds to knowledge in stove design and emissions.

V. I can use details on the stoves to support my arguments on what stoves should be transferred to other countries.

VI. I will use details on the comparison of traditional fire to efficient stove fires.

22. Intriligator, M. D. (2004). Globalization of the world economy: potential benefits and costs and a net assessment. //Journal of Policy Modeling//, //26//(4), 485–498. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.04.004

I. " “Globalization” will be understood here to mean major increases in worldwide trade and exchanges in an increasingly open, integrated, and borderless international economy."

" Some economists and historians have suggested that globalization is little more than a return to the world economy of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, of the century from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914."

" Specialization and the division of labor, with their implications for increases in production, now exist not just at the national level but also on a worldwide basis."

II. The effects of globalization are neither entirely positive nor negative.

III. This argument is supported by the views of other authors in the field, real life examples, and the failures of economic theory.

IV. This paper draws on and adds knowledge to the field of globalization and development.

V. A paper that includes both side of the arguments and compromises is beneficial to my arguments about globalization, but also shows that compromise is necessary and can be over harmful when nothing should have been done at all.

VI. I will use details on the specialization of labor, the development of a new world system, and the need for governing institutions.

23. Johnson, D. G. (2002). Globalization: what it is and who benefits. //Journal of Asian Economics//, //13//(4), 427–439. doi:10.1016/S1049-0078(02)00162-8

I. "The world's poor people have benefitted enormously as evidenced by a large increase in life expectancy in developing countries, a 60% decline in child mortality in less than four decades, a doubling of grain yields in developing countries after the mid-1960s and a large increase in per capita caloric food supply."

" Globalization is also blamed for the rising inequality of income that has arisen over the past two or three centuries. An opposite viewpoint is that inequality has increased because globalization has not spread far enough, fast enough."

" The world today has no more natural resources nor more sunlight nor more rain than it had 200 or 2000 years ago. Nor are the laws of nature different today. Yet the world produces vastly more in total and per capita than ever before -- in 1990 the world's output of goods and services was 40 times what it was in 1820 and per capita output was about seven times as great"

II. The main argument in this text is that globalization is a positive force.

III. The argument is supported by history, the views of other authors, and charts.

IV. This text adds to understanding in the field of Globalization and development.

V. This article opposes my view for the most part, and it makes some statements that don't make much sense that I will use in my arguments on the issues associated with globalization.

VI. I can use the authors misconceptions about poverty, life expectancy (population growth), and views on the equality globalization creates.

24. Gomory, R. E., & Baumol, W. J. (2004). Globalization: prospects, promise, and problems. //Journal of Policy Modeling//, //26//(4), 425–438. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.04.002

I. " Economists have tended mainly to view globalization as a basically benign phenomenon, and so it may transpire in the long run. Yet few would dispute that its short-run consequences, particularly for some groups singled out by economic forces, are likely to be extremely painful."

" The issue is not whether further internationalization of the market for commodities and the market for useful knowledge will occur or whether it can be halted. Rather, the choice is the adoption of methods that can ensure that globalization yields all its promised benefits and ameliorate its damages, or whether the process will be left alone to play itself out, in effect, trusting that the god of Mammon, under whose guidance it proceeds, will be moved to treat humanity kindly, and without deliberate human intervention and supervision."

" It can be argued that all this is transitory and that in the long run the lower income groups in the developing countries will be better off, as has indeed been true in the developed economies. But the process can easily take decades. We cannot just ignore decades of very substandard earnings that amount to preservation of grinding poverty in a developing country or the permanent structural unemployment in a developed economy that can beset older workers whose skills are made redundant by innovation, and for whom the acquisition of new skills is not a practical option."

II. This paper takes the view that globalization has positive and negative benefits that balance out to some degree.

III. The argument is supported by recounting the benefits of globalization, recounting the disadvantages, and graphs/equations.

IV. The text adds to knowledge on globalization and development.

V. This paper strengthens my arguments and provides a well balance argument for its conclusions.

VI. I will use details on the inevitable short-term disadvantages, the failures of the trickle down approach, and the who gets the better deal depending on the initial distribution of wealth.

25. Salvatore, D. (2004). Growth and poverty in a globalizing world. //Journal of Policy Modeling//, //26//(4), 543–551. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.04.009

I. " Global corporations play a crucial role in the process of globalization. These are companies that are run by an international team of managers, have research and production facilities in many countries, use parts and components from the cheapest sources around the world, and sell their products, finance their operation, and are owned by stockholders throughout the world."

" One important form of globalization in production is outsourcing or the foreign “sourcing” of inputs. There is practically no major product today that does not have some foreign inputs. Foreign sourcing is often not a matter of choice for corporations to earn higher profits, but simply a requirement for them to remain competitive."

" Globalization in production and labor markets is important and inevitable — important because it increases efficiency; inevitable because international com- petition requires it."

II. The main argument of the text is that globalization is an almost entirely positive force that should be allowed to continue with little or no reform.

III. The arguments are supported by charts, the views of other authors, and real world examples.

IV. The text adds to understanding in the field of development and globalization.

V. I don't agree with many of the arguments the author makes so this will proved some contrast to my opinions and keep my arguments balanced.

VI. I will use details on the differences in growth rate between globalized and non-globalized countries.

26. Basu, K. (2006). Globalization, poverty, and inequality: What is the relationship? What can be done? //World Development//, //34//(8), 1361–1373. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.10.009

I. "I shall however take the view that seeking a verdict on globalization is a hopeless project."

" What has to be recognized is that the intellectual design problem of how to mitigate poverty is a difficult one, and that could be so even if all of us were single-minded in wanting to remove poverty and we had the science and technology at our disposal (as we probably al- ready do) to remove everybody’s poverty."

"As far as prosperity and inequality goes, though there is scope for debate about whether global regional inequality has increased or de- creased over the last two or three decades, 7 the trend, viewed over a long stretch of time and measured as the ratio between the richest and the poorest, seems to be an unequivocal deterioration."

II. The main argument of the paper is a great need for global, cross-country policies that govern interaction in globalization.

III. The argument is supported by the works of other authors, charts, and equations.

IV. This text draws on and adds to understanding in the field of globalization.

V. The points made in the paper support my own view that some form of global regulation of actions is required to create equality.

VI. I will use details on the potential of globalization when it is regulated to allow for equality and the positive and negative parts of globalization that need to be regulated to prevent growing inequality.

27. Thorbecke, E., & Nissanke, M. (2006). Introduction: The impact of globalization on the world’s poor. //World Development//, //34//(8), 1333–1337. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.10.007

I. " National economies are increasingly linked through, first, international markets for products and factors, leading to increased cross-border flows of goods, capital and labor, and second through flows of information, technology, and management know-how. The world economy is clearly becoming increasingly integrated."

" If growth leads to an increase in income inequality, the poor may benefit only slightly or, in some instances, actually be hurt by the globalization process. Indeed, the growth– inequality link is much more complicated than what the classical approach postulated with its emphasis on the growth-enhancing effects of inequality."

" Whether the poor, as consumers, actually gain or lose from openness depends on whether or not they are net buyers of tradable goods (such as rice) and the extent to which the retail market structure is monopolistic blocking the pass-through from border prices to domestic prices."

II. This paper discusses the scenarios under which globalization can be a positive force and where it can go horribly wrong.

III. The argument is supported by examples from real life and other author's views on the subject.

IV. The text adds to understanding in the field of globalization and development, and poverty.

V. The views in this article support my arguments and give me cause for suggesting change.

VI. I will use details on dependency, resilience and price shocks.

28. Bardhan, P. (2006). Globalization and rural poverty. //World Development//, //34//(8), 1393–1404. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.10.010

I. " Globalization can not only cause many hardships for the rural poor, but it can also open up some opportunities which some countries can utilize and others do not, largely depending on their domestic political and economic institutions, and the net outcome is often quite complex and almost always context dependent, belying the glib pronouncements for or against globalization made in the opposing camps."

" Similarly, rural poverty reduction in India may be attributable to the spread of Green Revolution in agriculture, large anti-poverty programs or social movements in India, and not the trade liberalization of the 1990s (in fact as we will dis- cuss later, there is some evidence of trade liberalization slowing down poverty reduction in India)."

" I wish the anti-global protesters of rich countries turned their energies toward the vested interests in their own countries which prolong this protectionism and cripple the efforts of the poor of the world to climb out of their poverty."

II. Globalization can be highly beneficial depending on what regulations are put in place by national governments.

III. The argument is supported by other author's work, and real life examples of the effects of regulation in globalization.

IV. The text adds to understanding in globalization and the alleviation of poverty.

V. This paper has a lot of points counter to my own but will provide perspective and context to my readers.

VI. I will point out the limits on focusing on long-term economics, the work of the self-employed poor, and regulations detrimental to development.

29. Aggarwal, R. M. (2006). Globalization, local ecosystems, and the rural poor. //World Development//, //34//(8), 1405–1418. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.10.011

I. "Local eco- systems constitute a critical link because rural poor in developing countries derive a large part of their incomes from local natural resource based activities such as crop and livestock production, fishing, hunting, fuel wood, and minor forest product collection"

" In economic models, it is generally assumed that either economic activities do not impact the underlying biophysical environment or that the impact varies smoothly (often linearly) with the amount of stress. Ecologists, on the other hand, have found these dynamics to be largely nonlinear, and often associated with sharp dis- continuities, high uncertainties, and alternative stable states."

" Ecosystems are constantly changing and adapting to different kinds of stresses. Thus, from a policy perspective the relevant question is—to what extent can the ecosystem absorb change without changing its basic structure, that is, without flipping from one state to another functionally undesirable state, as in the case of semi-arid savannas described earlier"

II. The text examines the impact on reliance of ecosystems globalization has and argues that this need to be closely followed to prevent problems.

III. The main argument is supported by the works of other authors, graphs, and ecology.

IV. This literature produces knowledge on approaching Globalization and development.

V. This text supports my arguments and will be helpful in showing the flaws of economic globalization without some level of regulation.

VI. I will use details on appropriate technology transfer, the value of biodiversity, and the impact on natural resources that globalization usually has.

30. Chowdhury, Z., Campanella, L., Gray, C., Al Masud, A., Marter-Kenyon, J., Pennise, D., … Zuzhang, X. (2013). Measurement and modeling of indoor air pollution in rural households with multiple stove interventions in Yunnan, China. //Atmospheric Environment//, //67//, 161–169. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.041

I. " The resulting smoke from these fuels contains high concentrations of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and other compounds known to be hazardous to human health"

" Our study finds the addition of a chimney to a traditional stove resulted in a 60% reduction in CO (p-value <0.01) and a 67% reduction in PM 2.5 (p-value <0.01)."

" While it is not possible to conclude with certainty the precise distinctions among the interventions measured, our findings strongly suggest that the traditional cooking/heating methods produce higher concentrations of IAP as compared to the ICSs."

II. The purpose of this paper is to provide and example of how stove technology can be disseminated quickly in an overly beneficial way.

III. The article is supported by pictures, charts, graphs, and specific information on china as a real world example.

IV. This article adds to understanding on the dissemination of appropriate technology.

V. This article will help me show what has been done so far in the way of integration to spread the ideas put for by the discourse of development.

VI. I will use details on the effectiveness of the stoves and the reasons for choosing them.

31. Salvatore, D. (2007). Growth, international inequalities, and poverty in a globalizing world. //Journal of Policy Modeling//, //29//(4), 635–641. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.05.011

I. " Although there is no perfect correspondence between non-globalizers and the poorest countries in the world, most non-globalizers do include the poorest countries in the world."

" The only criticism that can be levied against globalization, as a process, is that it did not permit the poorest countries in the world to also participate in the benefits in terms of economic efficiency and growth in living standards that globalization made possible. This is a far cry from globalization being itself the cause of the increased inequalities between the rich and the globalizing developing countries on the one hand, and the poorest developing nations, on the other, as claimed by the opponents of globalization."

" In general, and despite the anti-global complaints and demonstrations, globalization has greatly benefited all nations and people. This fact is indisputable. Only the nations that did not globalize faced increased poverty."

II. Globalization is an overly positive force for the majority of people involved.

III. This argument is supported by the work of other authors, charts, and real life examples.

IV. This paper adds to knowledge on Globalization.

V. I do not agree with some of the point made in the article because of some gross overgeneralizations.

VI. I will include details on the failures of measuring for just PPP and how older and new measurements do not measure the same thing so they shouldn't be compared.

32. Qiu, D., Gu, S., Catania, P., & Huang, K. (1996). Diffusion of improved biomass stoves in China. //Energy Policy//, //24//(5), 463–469. doi:10.1016/0301-4215(96)00004-3

I. " The cost of these improved biomass stoves and funds for the diffusion programme are lower than in any developing country and the results of the programme of action are unquestionably successful."

" Independent of the biomass diffusion programme discussed in this paper was a complementary programme wherein efforts were made to increased forest coverage, through a separate programme referred to as the firewood plantation programme.

" The standards of inspection in the pilot counties are that the number of households using improved biomass stoves must be over 90% of total households in the county."

II. China has been the most effective at stove dissemination and we should learn form their example.

III. The argument is supported by specific real life examples and history, statistics, and graphs.

IV. The text adds to knowledge on globalization and appropriate technology dissemination.

V. This will be a useful example that can be used to support my argument of technology dissemination, but I will also take a critical view for moral reasons because it should be up to the locals to decide what type of stove they use.

VI. I will use some of the lifecycle improvement facts, the regulations on a national level that made it all possible, and the problems that called for widespread change.

33,34,35,36 (over 200 pages- approved for 4 annotations)

Schumacher, E. F. (1989). //Small is beautiful: economics as if people mattered//. New York: HarperPerennial.

I. "Modern man does not experience himself as a part of nature but as an outside force destined to dominate and conquer it. He even talks of a battle with nature, forgetting that, if he won the battle, he would find himself on the losing side."

"I suggest that the foundations of peace cannot be laid by universal prosperity, in the modem sense, because such prosperity, if attainable at all, is attainable only by cultivating such drives of human nature as greed and envy, which destroy intelligence, happiness, serenity, and thereby the peacefulness of man."

"Although even small communities are sometimes guilty of causing serious erosion, generally as a result of ignorance, this is trifling in comparison with the devastations caused by gigantic groups motivated by greed, envy, and the lust for power."

"Above anything else there is need for a proper philosophy of work which understands work not as that which it has indeed become, an inhuman chore as soon as possible to be abolished by automation, but as something 'decreed by Providence for the good of man's body and soul'."

"Man assuredly needs to rise above this humdrum 'world'; wisdom shows him the way to do it; withoutwisdom, he is driven to build up a monster economy, which destroys the world, and to seek fantastic satisfactions, like landing a man on the moon. Instead of overcoming the 'world' by moving towards saintliness, he tries to overcome it by gaining pre eminence in wealth, power, science, or indeed any imaginable 'sport'."

"Everything is equated with everything else. To equate things means to give them a price and thus to make them exchangeable. To the extent that economic thinking is based on the market, it takes the sacredness out of life, because there can be nothing sacred in something that has a price."

" Every science is beneficial within its proper limits but becomes evil and destructive as soon as it transgresses them."

"Hence the ideal from the point of view of the employer is to have output without employees, and the ideal from the point of view of the employee is to have income without employment."

"To organise work in such a manner that it becomes meaningless, boring, stultifying, or nerve-racking for the worker would be little short of criminal: it would indicate a greater concern with goods than with people, an evil lack of compassion and a soul-destroying degree of attachment to the most primitive side of this worldly existence. Equally, to strive for leisure as an alternative to work would be considered a complete misunderstanding of one of the basic truths of human existence, namely that work and leisure are complementary parts of the same living process and cannot be separated without destroying the joy of work and the bliss of leisure."

"As physical resources are everywhere limited, people satisfying their needs by means of a modest use of resources are obviously less likely to be at each other's throats than people depending upon a high rate of use. Equally, people who live in highly self- sufficient local communities are less likely to get involved in large-scale violence than people whose existence depends on world-wide systems of trade."

"A gift of material goods can be appropriated by the recipient without effort or sacrifice; it therefore rarely becomes 'his own' and is all too frequently and easily treated as a mere windfall. A gift of intellectual goods, a gift of knowledge, is a very different matter."

II. The main argument of the book is that Growth is limited, and scale is increasingly important when addressing development while maintaining employment.

III. The argument is supported by thoughts by other professionals in the field, charts, and therotical assumptions that provide insight.

IV. This text adds to knowledge about economics, the humanities, and development.

V. With the exception of a few religious pronouncements, I agree with everything the authors says and unfortunately for me it appears some of my arguments and ideas have been around for three decades and I just didn't know someone had argued them already. It's possible i will be able to update appropriate technology definitions still, but my idea that the only thing that should be transferred is education has been partially covered already.

VI. I will use details on intermediate technologies, the limits to growth in a finite system, and the failings of modern economics.

Long Annotations: 1. Dollar, D. (2005). Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980. //The World Bank Research Observer//, //20//(2), 145–175. doi:10.1093/wbro/lki008

I. " I define globalization as the growing integration of economies and societies around the world as a result of flows of goods and services, capital, people, and ideas."

"Adam Smith argued that a larger market permits a finer division of labor, which in turn facilitates innovation and learning by doing. And some of the innovation involves transportation and communications technologies that lower costs, increasing integration. So, it is easy to see how integration and innovation can be mutually supportive."

"This historical evidence suggests that when backward economic regions integrate with more advanced ones, their growth rates accelerate and their income levels gradually converge on the leader. Lindert and Williamson’s (2001a) historical review of globalization and inequality concludes that “Globalization probably mitigated rising inequality between nations: the nations that gained most from globalization are those poor ones that changed their policies to exploit it.”

II. Globalization is a good thing and should be encouraged because without continued support it will crumble. III. The argument is supported through economics, history, and quotes from famous and respected individuals.

IV. This text adds to understanding in Globalization and development in modern times and provides information on China, India, and Vietnam.

V. This text is important to my argument because it tries to prove my theories wrong by pointing out the good globalization can accomplish. There are fixed examples and responses to common anti-globalization arguments.

VI. I can use some of the background about India and China as well as all of the anti globalization arguments that supposedly refuted. I can point out the flaws of the arguments while providing context that rounds out my paper.

2. McIntosh, C., & Wydick, B. (2005). Competition and microfinance. //Journal of Development Economics//, //78//(2), 271–298. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2004.11.008

II. Microfinacing has the very real potential of making the poor targeted even worse off.

III. Real Life case studies, economic models, and existing literature are used to support the arguments made in the paper

IV. This paper contributes to the field of Economics and Development.

V. Market solutions to development are very popular in spreading appropriate technology and bringing the poor out of poverty. If I am going to try to challenge or add to the existing discourse I need to understand as much as possible about the systems already in place. VI. Three details that can support my arguments are the dangers of competition in a microfinance system, background information on the Grameen Bank, and the dangers of asymmetric information in market systems.

3. Hulme, D. (2000). Impact Assessment Methodologies for Microfinance: Theory, Experience and Better Practice. //World Development//, //28//(1), 79–98. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00119-9

I. "For microfinance, it is useful to distinguish between two main schools of thought with regard to which link(s) in the chain to focus on. For convenience, these are termed the ``intended beneficiary 3 school and the ``intermediary school."

"If both outreach and sustainability have been enhanced then the intervention is judged to have a beneficial impact as it has widened the financial market in a sustainable fashion."

"For studies of moderate budget (i.e. most studies) the best approach to ensuring the validity of findings will be through triangulation and using a mix of survey, qualitative and participatory techniques."

I. "Thus when competition eliminates rents on profitable borrowers, it is likely to yield a new equilibrium in which poor borrowers are worse off."

"Markets for the more wealthy borrowers that were previously dominated by grant-funded, socially motivated lenders are now being contested by private institutions."

"Asymmetric information between lenders over borrower quality and indebtedness has been a mounting issue in all three countries, but there have been great differences between the three countries in the level of cooperation realized between MFIs to mitigate the problem."

II. Impact Assessment for microfinance systems need to be much more detailed because it determines policy decisions and the future of the developing world.

III. The argument is supported through examples in real life, historical context, and an in depth analysis of the major methods.

IV. This paper adds to knowledge in the fields of economics, scientific survey methodology, and development.

V. Understanding the shortcomings of impact assessment in the field of development finance will allow me to see where improvements can be made in the field of development in general.

VI. I will use the details from the text about the differences between social and scientific approaches to assessment, the follies of information battlegrounds, and possible microfinance in general.

4. Armendariz, B., & Morduch, J. (2010). //The economics of microfinance//. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=307668

I. "Money should flow from rich depositors to poor entrepreneurs."

"The principle of diminishing marginal returns says that a simple cobbler working on the streets or a woman selling flowers in a market stall should be able to offer investors higher returns than General Motors or IBM or the Tata Group can—and banks and investors should respond accordingly."

" Investing in Kenya, India, or Bolivia is for many a far riskier prospect than invest- ing in U.S. or European equities, especially for global investors without the time and resources to keep up-to-date on shifting local conditions."

II. The main purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the economic theories surrounding development.

III. The text is supported by mainstream economic theory principles, specific examples in real life and other authors contributions to the field.

IV. Knowledge is created in the fields of Economics and Development.

V. The overview of economic theory provides the failures of the theory that will support some of my claims. It also provides a history of alternatives that have been used ineffectively.

VI. I will use details on moral hazard, adverse selection, and group lending.

5,6,7,8. (book over 200 pages - approved to count as 4) Rist, G. (2008). //The history of development: from Western origins to global faith//. London; New York: Zed. I. "The idea seems simple at first: since indefinite economic growth is impossible as well as devastating for social relations and the environment, ‘degrowth’ or ‘downscaling’ is the only common-sense solution."

"Under the influence of economics columnists, media and university debates, not to speak of television advertising and competitive sports events where every fraction of a second counts, the principles of ‘mainstream’ economics now fuel the common sense of the age and shape a certain way of seeing and behaving in the world. Moreover, economics is coming to dominate all the human sciences by imposing methodological individualism as the only valid conception of social relations."

"In advancing the thesis of a harmony of interests (which resulted from each individual’s pursuit of their own interest ), economics proposed a solution that freed itself from ethics and politics while also combating absolutism, since the king himself was subject to the ‘laws’ in question."

"By shutting themselves away in their ‘science’, economists condemn themselves to know only a part of the world – and to invent the rest on the basis of their convictions."

"But, in order to boost productivity (though labour or exchange), the sense of scarcity has to be constantly re-created; and it is that sense, coupled with the ‘law’ of supply and demand, which determines value. Hence, the dominant economic system rests upon a paradoxical combination of promised abundance and structural scarcity, in which desires are transformed into ‘needs’and needs are reduced to solvent demand. This is why capitalism comes down to a form of subsistence economy, even if the ‘standard of living’ in it is high."

"That growth or progress should be able to continue indefinitely – that is an idea which radically distinguishes Western culture from all others."

"All the texts on ‘development’ are unanimous in concluding that the gap between North and South (but also between rich and poor in each) is continually widening."

" To avoid having to admit that ‘development’ can never become general, a pretence is made of believing that it is simply far away; patience is then maintained through the proposal of various emergency measures."

"Economic ‘science’ has nothing scientific. It is no more than a battle of opinions, which fluctuates according to the conjuncture in ways that enable the strongest to impose their will."

"We now know why it is suicidal to continue believing in it [development]. The most difficult task, however, is to ensure that knowledge triumphs over faith – and to persuade ourselves that there is a life after ‘development’."

II. Thought constantly rebranded, globalization has an extensive history that that has defined the interactions between agroup that considers themselve developed and those who are said to be developing. There is a certain futility about the definitions used throughout history and in practice that have allowed western ideals of capitalism and culture are the logical progression of all civilizations. This system has been left an endless excuse for growth based on economic theory that will be detrimental in the future. Globalization will never stop being under reform and developing nations will never stop developing any more than developed ones do. The dicourse is well cemented and it is nearly unthinkable to start again a new, but it is important to recognize that an old system is being proped up past the life it should have lead and needs to be left to die to some degree. there is a life after development, but it will be difficult and have to remove the negative externalities that are currently allowed unchecked.

III. The arguments of the book are supported by extensive bodies of literature covering the discourse of development, real life examples over the course of history, and philosophy. More specifically, constant "reform" has rebranded globalization and definitions of development and while improvements are made, there is an undercurrent that will never change. there are definte limits to growth and economic theory has serious flaws that have justified an unequal distribtion of finances and living standards.

IV. The text draws and adds to understanding in the over all dicourse of literature on development, historical events in history along with their significance, and human philoshophy.

V. The text is very much in line with my own arguments, with the added benefit of being a very dense historical resource with debateably low bias. there are very few ideas put fourth in the conclusion sections that I do not agree with.

VI. I will use information on the history of colonization, imperialism, and globalization, Truman's point four, and concludtions relating to resource scarcity and the futility of certain modern economic theories.

9. Bhagwati, J. (2004). Anti-globalization: why? //Journal of Policy Modeling//, //26//(4), 439–463. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.04.003

I. "The freeing of capital flows in haste, without putting in place monitoring and regulatory mechanisms and banking reforms, amounts to a rash, gung-ho financial capitalism. It can put nation-states at serious risk of experiencing massive, panic-fed outflows of short-term capital funds, which would drive their economies into a tailspin."

"In fact, anti-globalization sentiments are more prevalent in the rich countries of the North, while pluralities of policy makers and the public in the poor countries of the South see globalization instead as a positive force."

"Fartoomanyamongtheyoungseecapitalismasasystemthatcannotaddress meaningfully questions of social justice."

II. This paper seeks to outline the reasons for different groups of people to to be anti-globalization.

III. The paper argues that discontent stems out of anticapitalism, ignorance, and the inadequicies economic market systems to be socially just and effective.

IV. This paper adds and is supported by literatures on globalization, development, economics, and social activism. V. While I find the authors point slightly outdated, it is useful to establish my own reasons for seeing flaws in globalization and establishing what the arguments are against reform.

VI. I will use the details on anticapitalism, inadaquicies of adressing social issues, and the difficulties policies of trade liberalization in the shortrun.

10. Mahutga, M. C., & Smith, D. A. (2011). Globalization, the structure of the world economy and economic development. //Social Science Research//, //40//(1), 257–272. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.08.012

I. "We find that the highest rates of eco- nomic growth occurred to countries in the middle of the IDL over the course of globalization. Second, we find that upper tier positions in the IDL are converging with each other, but diverging from the lower tier."

"Thus, select coun- tries in the semiperiphery become the beneficiaries of the relocation of global industries to non-core countries. In other words, the B phase represents the greatest possibility for growth owing to the greater openness of the system to the flow of mature technologies out from the core. Therefore an alternative hypothesis emerging from this perspective is that the IDL benefits countries ‘‘in the middle” and that semi-peripheral growth will exceed that of both the core and the periphery."

"A major issue within this literature is whether or not upward mobility generates positive development outcomes."

II. In a world of complete globalization of previously isolated markets the most well off will loose some weath, some of the poorest will not integrate properly, and large middle wealth poulation will develop across the world as the poorest begin to integrate.

III. The argument is supported by other authors with similar views, data analysis, and graphics of world wide country rankings.

IV. This literature draws form and contributes to understanding in globalization and development and its effects.

V. this paper will add to the understanding of my reader by providing information on what happens in a globalizing system and why we see some of the effects we do.

VI. I will be using details on the dispersion of wealth in a globalized system, the impact of population growth, and whether welfare is redistributed.

11. Wade, R. H. (2004). Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality? //World Development//, //32//(4), 567–589. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.007

I. "The neoliberal argument says that the distribution of income between all the world’s people has become more equal over the past two decades and the number of people living in extreme poverty has fallen, for the first time in more than a century and a half."

"The standard Left assumption, in contrast, is that the rich and powerful countries and classes have little interest in greater equity."

"Several serious studies find that world PPP-income inequality has increased over a period within the past two to three decades, taking account of both between- and within- country distributions."

II. The main argument is that the neoliberal argument that income equality has increased and poverty has fallen is wrong.

III. The authors support their arguments by examining GNP and PPP data, graphs and charts, and the views of others in the field.

IV. The text draws on and adds literacty to the field of globalization and development, and proper data analysis.

V. The faults revealed in the data used to determine the poverty level means that we don't really know what the level of poverty is or how equal different groups of people are. This supports my arguments that some kind of outline is need for interactions between different countries of varying levels of wealth.

VI. I can use details on the failures of development measures, the more accurate account of the level of global poverty, and what should be examined to determine the level of global equality.

12. Castells, M. (1999). //Information Technology, Globalization and Social Development// (No. 114). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

I. "In other words, networks, all networks, ultimately come out ahead by restructuring, whether they change their composition, their membership, or even their tasks."

"For the prophets of technology, for the true believers in the magic of the market, everything will be just fine, as long as ingenuity and competition are set free."

"Social development today is determined by the ability to establish a synergistic interaction between technological innovation and human values, leading to a new set of organizations and institutions that create positive feedback loops between productivity, flexibility, solidarity, safety, participation, and accountability, in a new model of development that could be socially and environmentally sustainable."

II. Globalization is a generally positive global force, but not everyone will be made better off by by an entirely capitalist planet.

III. The argument is supported by citing other authors view, statistics, and definition reform.

IV. This text draws on and contributes tounderstanding in globalization and development, and networking.

V. This pro-globalization paper keeps the flaws of globalization i intend to point out in context since the goal is not a new world order and descriptions should be balanced.

VI. I can use the information on netwroking as an intro to a discussion of global efficinecy and details on the positive effects of globalization and those who will not benefit fully will be useful too.