Memo10-+the+revised+one

 Based on this theory, I will be scrutinizing on how family and group support can expedite the recovery period among schizophrenic people. John Cassel and Sidney Cobb are among scholars whose works demonstrated that social relationships and support are central and critical core of health maintenance which moderate and buffer notorious symptoms of psychological illnesses.(House et al.) He believes that everybody knows who are his /her supporters and that parents, relatives, friends, spouse, children, teachers and others.( Gavazzi,1994) This theory as Cobb conceptualizes emphasizes that social support has a leading role for individuals to believe that they were loved, cared for, esteemed and valued, and belonged to a network of communication and mutual obligation (Cobb 1976) This conception lead other scholars (e.g., Barrera, 1986; Vaux et al., 1986) to focus their attention on the elements comprising social support, e.g., appraisals of support provided by group or family members; or specific behaviors provided by members. Social support theory classifies kinds of support into four categories: (House, 1981)  Ø  //Emotional support //involves the provision of trust, love, caring and empathy  Ø  //Informational support involves //providing a person with information that the person can use in coping with personal and environmental problems  Ø  //Instrumental support //involves behaviors that directly help a person in need  Ø  //appraisal support //<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">the provision of information that is useful for self-evaluation purposes: constructive feedback, affirmation and social comparison <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Access to all these kinds of social support is critical for the maintenance of health and wellbeing <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">As it is a undeniable fact that the relationship between social support and health is a necessity throughout the life course. (Shaw et al, 2004) and the most important one is emotional support which involves the provision of trust, love, caring, and empathy. Based on this kind of support, I am going to examine whether robots can provide any kind of emotional support for schizophrenic patients. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Social support theory believes that generalized resource of support from individual’s network of friends and family members can help one to deal with everyday problems or even more serious crises ( Walker et al, 1993 ) so how about people who have not social networks due to their psychological problems? Can we consider talking humanoid robots as a part of their damaged social network? <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Social support theory also conceptualizes this fact that women are more likely than men to provide emotional support (Campbell & Lee 1990), does this mean that using female humanoid robots are more effective in providing emotional support for schizophrenic patients? <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 1-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">House, J. S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K. R.). Structures and processes of social support. //Annual Reviews in Sociology, Vol.14//:1, 293-318: 1988. =   2-   <span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Gavazzi Stephen M. Perceived Social Support From Family and Friends in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents, //Journal of Personality Assessment// ,Vol 62:3, June 3: 1994  = <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 3-   <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cobb, S. Social support as a moderator of life stress. //Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol.38//:5, 300-314:1976. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 4-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Barrera, M., Jr.. Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. . //American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol.14//, 413-445: 1986 <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 5-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Vaux, A., Phillips, J., Holly, L., Thomson, B., Williams, D., & Stewart, D. The social support appraisals (SS-A) scale: Studies of reliability and validity. //American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol.14//: 2, pp.195-218: 1986. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 6-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">House, J. S. //Work Stress and Social Support//. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company: 1981. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 7-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Shaw A. Benjamin, Neal Krause, Linda M. Chatters, Cathleen M Connell, and Berit Ingersoll-Dayton, Emotional Support From Parents Early in Life, Aging, and Health .Psychology and Aging, 2004, Vol. 19:1,pp. 4–12 <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 8-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Walker, M.E., Wasserman, S. and Wellman, B. (1993) Statistical Models for Social Support Networks, Sociological Methods and Research, Vol. 22:1, pp. 71-98 <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 9-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Campbell, K.E. and Lee, B.A. (1990) Gender Differences in Urban Neighboring, //The Sociological Quarterly// Vol.31, pp. 495-512 <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">One of my concerns in this project is the trust of schizophrenic patients to such artificial agents, whether they can accept humanoid robots as part of their social networks and robots can provide emotional social support. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">While social robotic is a new interdisciplinary field of majors such as psychology, sociology and human computer interaction, I am going to review the “trust in human computer interaction theory” in order to demonstrate whether there is any trust in communications and interactions between humans and robots or not? <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Scholars such as Mayer, Davis and Schoorman conceptualize the meaning of trust as trustor's confidence in the trustee’s competence, credibility, and benevolence. Rousseau et al.(1998)belives that trust is reachable based on the positive feelings (affective basis) and expectations (cognitive basis) of the intentions or behaviors of the transaction partner. In that case, one truly trust another so can rely on his/her exchange partner. (Moorman, Zaltman, and Deshpande 1992) <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">On the other hand, individuals have more trust on those who appear similar to themselves and share a common ground (Berscheid and Walster 1978) which will lead to reliable social relationships. ( Barnes 1981) <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">One of the main factors which had led to the social isolation of schizophrenic people is that their deviancy of the standards of a sucessful face to face communication such as eye gazes as during a face-to-face conversation, people adopt a variety of signals, e.g., face expression, eye gaze, body gestures, etc., that signal their attitudes and emotions. On the other hand, some researchers such as Schlenker, Helm, and Tedeschi (1973) suggest that communication between the trustor and the trustee could be implicit and subtle, based on a behavior or gesture or facial expressions and scholars such as Kiesler, Sproull, and Waters (1996) believe that people would be more likely to identify and behaved more cooperatively with a computer( in my project can be a robot) that had more human features and whose conversation was more human-like than with a computer that was more like a machine. in the other subsequent study (Parise et al. 1999) using a more improved computer interfaces, results revealed that subjects made and kept promises to cooperate with human-like computer as much as a real person. So I can conclude that based on the abnormalities of schizophrenic people in face to face communication, we can design robots whose face to face interactions can increase the trust of schizophrenic patients since Human conversation is much more than a mere exchange of ideas and involves both cognitive and emotional and social intelligence (Goleman 1995). <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">All in all, based on Trust theory in HCI and ideas of scholars such as Clark that a successful communication starts from building a common ground (1996) I can conclude that using humanoid robots which have more common grounds with schizophrenic people can enhance their trust to such anthropomorphized and friendly robots who can convey warm and friendly expressions. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 1-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mayer, Roger, James H. David, and F. David Schoorman "An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust," //Academy of Management Review//, Vol.20 3, 709-734:1995. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 2-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Rousseau, Denise, Sim B. Sitkin, Ronald Burt, and Colin Camerer "Not So Different After All: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust," //The Academy of Management Review//,Vol. 23 3, 393-404:1998. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 3-  //<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Moorman, Christine, Gerard Zaltman, and Rohit Deshpande, //Relationships between Providers and Users of Market Research:1992.// <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 4-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Berscheid, Ellen and Elaine Hatfield Walster //Interpersonal Attraction//, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley: 1978. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 5-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Barnes, Louis B. “Managing the Paradox of Organizational Trust,” //Harvard Business Review,Vol.// 59, 107-117:1981. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 6-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Schlenker, Barry M., B. Helm, and J. T. Tedeschi “The Effects of Personality and Situational Variables on Behavioral Trust,” //Journal of Personality and Social Psychology//, 25, 419-427:1973. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 7-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Kiesler, S., L. Sproull, and K. Waters "A 'Prisoner's Dilemma' Experiment on Cooperation in Social Dilemmas," //Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol66,// 513-529:1996. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 8-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Parise, S., S. Kiesler, Lee Sproull, and K. Waters "Cooperating Life-Like Interface Agents," //Computers in Human Behavior//, 15, 123-142:1999). <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 9-   <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Goleman, Daniel //Emotional Intelligence//. New York: Bantam Books:1995. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 10-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Clark, Herbert H. //Using Language//. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press:1996. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * //<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Social Support theory //**
 * //<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Trust in Human Robot Interaction: //**