memo4-questioning+the+text

//What phenomenon is drawn out in the text? A social process; a cultural and politicaleconomic shift; a cultural “infrastructure;” an emergent assemblage of science-culturetechnology- economics? // The text shows that an emergent assemblage of science-culture technology- economics is drawn out in the text where political parties are never immune of pressures raised by social groups, in the Bhopal case, the pressures by environmental groups, health groups which were mostly concerned with treating the victims of Bhopal disaster. By creating double bindes, the author want to work on enuciatory communities" concept and wants portray the terrible effects of living in a globalized context on citizens of developing countries especially the hazardous effects of environmental actions.  //Where is this phenomenon located – in a neighborhood, in a country, in “Western Culture,” in a globalizing economy? //    Bhopal disaster is not just the concern of Indian environmentalists and political parties; it is a transnational concern over environmental devastations of new technologies. even Bhopal disaster , known as the world’s worst industrial disaster which caused by the US multinational company Union Carbide has occurred in small part of Asia , India but it has located in a globalizing economy context and is representative of global concerns on hazardous effects of new technologies. As Indian people were the scapegoats of Indian government policies on foreign investment inside the country. . Bhopal so is in a globalizing economy in where citizens had roles “at odds with national identity “and environmentalists do not aid in gaining harmony, they are mostly elements of gap. //What historical trajectory is the phenomenon situated within? What, in the chronology provided or implied, is emphasized -- the role of political or economic forces, the role of certain individuals or social groups? What does the chronology leave out or discount? //  The book shows that this phenomenon was situated within mostly both political and economic forces when all struggles aimed at making a new India which invited social, industrial and scientific sectors. On the other hand, the Indian government policies were about the growth of chemical production with no attention to safety issues for citizens as they established the Bhopal plant near to a residential area for their benefits such as the easy access to the transportation. The third condition is that the government wants to increase the investment of international companies with no specific laws or regulation on their activities on with no concern over informing and learning people of environmental issues, citizen’s health issue was the victim of Indian policies on rapid economic growth. //What scale(s) are focused on -- nano (i.e. the level of language), micro, meso, macro? What empirical material is developed at each scale? // Scales which were focused on were macro, meso, micro and nano. At macro level the objective was explaining this fact that how translocal institutional forces are themselves produced. Topics such as globalizations and legislations were reviewed in this level or international law, technology transfer , in this case from USA to India, and trade liberalization In meso level organizational challenges and opportunities were explained. Such as the activities of stakeholders, public relation departments, the struggles of UCC in managing the crisis, or on the other hand the risk management activities of UCC Micor level is about what and how activists, in particular wrote about this disaster. In this level author reviewed the interactions and interrelations of citizens and representations of labor unions, activists, middle class activists, the process of legal legislation, health issues of the disaster and housing. In nano level subject formation of middleclass activists were studied; for example Ghouhns’s memories of the disaster Who are the players in the text and what are their relations? Does the text trace how these relations have changed across time – because of new technologies, for example?  Most significant players of the text are government elites and activists in the people’s science movement, middle-class activists working on behalf of gas victims, journalists and anthropologists, survivors, government legislators, gas victims and doctors. What is the temporal frame in which players play? In the wake of a particular policy, disaster or other significant “event?” In the general climate of the Reagan era, or of “after-the-Wall” globalization?  The text is explaining a management procedure of an environmental disaster, what is called risk management with multiple stakeholders, a situation in which workers were complaining of not being informed. the frame in which players play is a series of catalysts and corrosions for example in trade liberalization, economical situation of workers, sick bureaucratic system and politicized legal regimes which resulted to failure of science and transfer of technology without attention to socio cultural conditions on Bhopal, the wrong procedure of trans nationalization of corporations and organizations which were revolving around modernization and knowledge practices. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What cultures and social structures are in play in the text? The author is explaining the struggles of some activists for not steeling the disaster as it may introduce the country as a bad place for business and as a result to the recession of Indian economic. The book also talks about the middle class activists whose opposition was described. Then it talks about the Bhopal which was named as the capital of cultural diversity in India. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What kinds of practices are described in the text? Are players shown to be embedded in <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">structural contradictions or double-binds? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> The author intention is to understand the double binds produced by environmental disaster within globalization where governments want to promote their economical situation with no deep consideration of citizen’s heath safeties and growing economy by industrialization with no attention to health and socio cultural diversities in an era of globalization. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How are science and technology implicated in the phenomenon described? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> By social practice of advocacy and explaining different conceptions of justice, nationalism, science and law, the author not only has gathered various people with different perspectives but also she has shown the limits of many ideas on changes and responsibilities such as changes by government on chemical science and technological policies especially environmental ones. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What structural conditions– technological, legal and legislative, political, cultural – are <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">highlighted, and how are they shown to have shaped the phenomenon described in this <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">text? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> Author talks about cultural transformation in developed countries in the globalized context; where environmental groups, Labor unions, journalists and residential communities can sophistically” draw out the contradictions in which they live” <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How – at different scales, in different ways – is power shown to operate? Is there <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">evidence of power operating through language, “discipline,” social hierarchies, <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">bureaucratic function, economics, etc? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> The author shows that how much political system of India is influenced by political interests and the tendency toward rapid economical growth and opening India and a venue for foreign investments. or as I mentioned before nor citizens neither workers of the plant were informed properly as after the disaster even most families were forced to leave their homes just because of government policies on not announcing the exact number of causalities of the disaster. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">Does the text provide comparative or systems level perspectives? In other words, is the <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">particular phenomenon described in this text situated in relation to similar phenomenon <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">in other settings? Is this particular phenomena situated within global structures and <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">processes? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> The international environmental associations’ struggles to increase concerns over environmental hazardous of political and economical decisions in the developing countries with no consideration to socio cultural backgrounds and the environmental endeavors in west Virginia– chemical cloud -can be some examples of the comparative study of the disaster by the author. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> The goal is extending prior theoretical claims by a multi-sited approach as the author wants to see the disaster from different various angles. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">rendered explicit or both? ** I think the main conceptual argument is discovering and explaining various types of knowledge from an anthropological perspective. She wants legislators and industries in developing countries to consider socio-cultural and political differences with developed countries in the era of globalization as the Bhopal disaster is a bitter consequence of ignoring such differences by developing countries. The author goal is answering 2 questions on advocacy, how in various socio cultural political and economical situation advocacy is produced and what advocates have advocated. she wants to question but with a more conservative tone with not” losing sight of the importance of work done through and in the name of such concepts”. To see the Bhopal disaster in the complex global system is her concern. She also thinks that change is needed for advocacy within disaster. She believes that citizens have this right to know as this fact ended to participation of citizens in “environmental risk assessment and mitigation”.
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial-BoldMT','sans-serif';">What is the text about – conceptually? **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">Is the goal to verify, challenge or extend prior theoretical claims? **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What is the main conceptual argument or theoretical claim of the text? Is it performed,
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What ancillary concepts are developed to articulate the conceptual argument? **

Author by reviewing the most important historical events before, concurrent and after the disaster, reviewing environmental groups, their deficits, the laws of Indian government, the political situation of United state, interviewing with locales, reviewing media releases, professional interviews with environmental and health experts, interviewing with activists to know their rationales on why they became activists and etc wants to support her conceptual argument. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How robust is the main conceptual argument of the text? On what grounds could it be <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">challenged? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How could the empirical material provided support conceptual arguments //<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial-ItalicMT','sans-serif';">other than // //<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial-ItalicMT','sans-serif';">those //<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">built in the text? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">**the text?**
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How is empirical material used to support or build the conceptual argument? **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial-BoldMT','sans-serif';">Modes of inquiry? **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What theoretical edifice provides the (perhaps haunting – i.e. non-explicit) backdrop to **

That most policies of developed and developing countries in the globalized world are made with no consideration on the environmental, educational and health issues of ordinary citizens

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">individuals are rational actors, for example, or assume that the unconscious is a force to ** <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">**be dealt with? Does the author assume that the “goal” of society is (functional) stabili**ty?
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What assumptions appear to have shaped the inquiry? Does the author assume that

This assumption that governments of developing countries do not pay attention to health and life of ordinary citizens when they are transferring a technology from a developed countries to their home countries, what are important for them are the rapid growth of economic and political benefits so they are not rational actors.

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">D**oes the author assume that what is most interesting occurs with regularity, or is she**
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">interested in the incidental and deviant? **

==**I think she believes that Bhopal disaster could have been prevented if regulations were made before the incident by policy makers so he believes that such disasters are even accidents but regularity can help preventing environmental disasters. **==

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What kinds of data (ethnographic, experimental, statistical, etc.) are used in the text, <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">and how were they obtained?

ethnographic data by interviwing, brining media releases, revieiwng legislations, etc
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">If interviews were conducted, what kinds of questions were asked? What does the <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">author seem to have learned from the interviews?

questions such as teh motivations of middle class acitibists on why they become activists? interveiws on the reactions of teh diaster and what it could help preventing them,
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How was the data analyzed? If this is not explicit, what can be inferred?

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How are people, objects or ideas aggregated into groups or categories? <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What additional data would strengthen the text? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What is in the introduction? Does the introduction turn around unanswered questions -- <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">in other words, are we told how this text embodies a //<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial-ItalicMT','sans-serif';">research //<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">project?
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial-BoldMT','sans-serif';">Structure and performance? **

introduction is about the whole idea of the book, description of advocacy,the central points of analysis which are enunciatory communities and double binds are also described in the introduction
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">Where is theory in the text? Is the theoretical backdrop to the text explained, or <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">assumed to be understood?

by reading the whole book the theory will be clear, so it is assumed to be underestood
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What is the structure of the discourse in the text? What binaries recur in the text, or are <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">conspicuously avoided?

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How is the historical trajectory delineated? Is there explicit chronological development?

there is no chronological development
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How is the temporal context provided or evoked in the text?

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How does the text specify the cultures and social structures in play in the text?

==author is explaining the socio cultural conditions of Bhopal citizens, the motivations of middle class activists, and uninformed citizens and workers of Bhopal planet, she also mentions to Bhopal as the capital of cultures in India==

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How are informant perspectives dealt with and integrated?

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How does the text draw out the implications of science and technology? At what level of <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">detail are scientific and technological practices described?

==That using hazardous chemical materials in factories of developing countries without any struggle to inform workers of the consequences of working with such chemicals would result to catastrophic phenomenon as it happened in the Bhopal.==

<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How does the text provide in-depth detail – hopefully without losing readers? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What is the layout of the text? How does it move, from first page to last? Does it ask for <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">other ways of reading? Does the layout perform an argument? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What kinds of visuals are used, and to what effect?

Posters, postcards, propagandas, photographs, advertisements. Such kind of reporting will help audiences to feel a phenomenon more deeply and consider themselves in that time
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What kind of material and analysis are in the footnotes? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">H “opposition”? <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How does the text situate itself? In other words, how is reflexivity addressed, or not?ow is the criticism of the text performed? If through overt argumentation, who is the <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">Who is the text written for? How are arguments and evidence in the text shaped to <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">address particular audiences? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> ==<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">For international undergrad and grad students and professionals in anthropology, policy making and environmental studies, and also for Bhopal victims, for legislators and governmental authorities both in developed and developing countries == <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What all audiences can you imagine for the text, given its empirical and conceptualscope? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> ==<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Indian people, social scientists, STS experts, environmental experts, scholars in political, law and environmental studies, health center professionals, and people all over the world both in developed and developing countries to be more aware of environmental diasters. == <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What new knowledge does this text put into circulation? What does this text have to saythat otherwise is //<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial-ItalicMT','sans-serif';">not obvious //<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">How generalizable is the main argument? How does this text lay the groundwork forfurther research? <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> ==<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">By multi sited perspective which author has and also reviewing the various angles of this disaster for developing countries by economical and political authorities of developed countries I think we can generalize this issue to other countries as well because environment and health issues are concerns all over the world and is not limited to a specific part of the world. == <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">What kind of “action” is suggested by the main argument of the text? <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Author has explained a global and international action <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif';">.
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Arial-BoldMT','sans-serif';">Circulation? **