WilliamsMemo32

=Williams Memo 32 Chapter Summaries= As an STS scholar I do not (in theory, I do not know how well this will work in practice) have to restrict my level of analysis to only macro, or meso, or micro … but can do all three. So, I have tried to indicate in brackets the level of analysis I would attempt to do in each section of a chapter. This allowed me to organize each chapter from macro to micro. Again, I'm not sure if such a book organization will be coherent in practice, but for this exercise it is interesting to think with. After several iterations, I ran out of steam. I am not happy with chapter 4 which seems almost like an introduction. I am also not happy with chapter 2 which might have to be split up/reconfigured into two chapters, one that discusses globalization and modernity conceptually intervening in international and national public health agendas for preventable blindness, and the other to look at how neoliberal ideologies are shaping intellectual property discourse for preventable blindness. I do not know if I should separate this out into a chapter even, or if it is better off woven throughout the entire book. Finally, I only have four chapters and I wanted six. Oh well. =Perfect Sight: Medical NGOs with a Sustainable Gaze= © 2017 Logan Dawn April Williams

Acknowledgments
The Almighty. The Memo-ers Spring 2009 -- you know who you are. Sean Ferguson for the best chapter name ever. The many other people whose ideas I stole and reworked to write these chapter summaries. (yay appropriation!)

Preface
XXXXXXsomething exciting and well-written hopefully!?!XXXX

Introduction
In this chapter I will situate the text in literature and summarize its contents. When situating this text it will be important to define the following concepts: Medical Technology Transfer, Appropriate Technology, World Development, Sustainable Development (explaining how this is different than Sustainable Economic Development). In summarizing the contents, I will go methodically through a short description of the contents of each chapter. This is not very exciting, but all of the graduate students that I require to read it will appreciate its functionality (hopefully).

//CHAPTER 1 The Role of the Physician: Identities Built//
In this chapter, I hope to show what skills/biases/etc. that Western medical training indoctrinates its physicians with that are not necessarily thought of as 'medicine'. I will build on this in other chapters.

Physician as node in an international network [macro]
In this section I will use network theory to look quantitatively at how Western medical training allows medical practitioners from developing nations to develop networks of resources (human capital, monetary capital, etc.) which they then bring to bear on public health problems.

Physician as public servant [meso]
In this section I will discuss how the challenge of limited human capital in the field of medicine can increase the notoriety, and, responsibility of individual physicians in developing nations and how this shapes public health problems and policy at the national level.

Physician as entrepreneur [micro]
In this section I will continue discussion of how individual physicians' notoriety and responsibility positions them as local entrepreneurs based on their networks of resources, and, their public influence.

//CHAPTER 2 Intraocular Interlocutor: Technology Contested//
XXXXXX chapter description XXXX

The all-seeing eye: WHO and IAPB Vision 2020 [macro/meso?]
In this section, I will discuss how the Vision 2020 program has established a frame/text/context/paradigm for global discussions of preventable blindness and the implications for both industrialized and developing nations (for medical practitioners, for patients, for policy-makers). Specifically I will discuss the espousal of intraocular lens replacement as a viable intervention for those blind by cataract(s) and when this shift occurred historically on a global level and how it changed practices of policy-makers in various countries.

International Standards and Neoliberalism [meso/micro?]
In this section I will discuss the affect of ISO's in stabilizing the design and manufacture of biomedical artifacts, as well as, the implications for multinational corporations and, more importantly, non profit organizations who are attempting to perform medical humanitarian aid and define and institute "best practices" for public health and medicine in the developing world. Specifically I will look at medical technologies for preventable blindness focusing on the intraocular lens.

Intraocular lens as a boundary object [macro/micro?]
In this section I will discuss the intraocular lens as a boundary object whose meaning is negotiated between intellectual property organizations such as WPO and international NGOs, such as Fred Hollows, Helen Keller, Unite for Sight and WHO as well as multinational corporations such as Hoya, XXXX and XXXXX.

//CHAPTER 3 Medical Camps: Knowledge and Values Translated//
This chapter is where I will discuss medical camps, with two goals, (1) to elicit how strange modern medical practices and paraphernalia are out of their cultural context and (2) illustrate that Western medical training does not prepare physicians to contend with the on-the-ground realities of public health care in the developing world, and thus significant innovation is required.

Interpreting space [macro]
In this section I will discuss the design of eye hospitals and how the interior arrangement of space is different than general hospitals. I will further complete a comparative analysis between hospital spaces in different countries and how they are (or not) reflective of power structures, culture and values.

Negotiating place [meso]
In this section I will discuss short-term, highly structured public health and, or, medicine work experiences for students and professionals from Western nations through NGOs such as Engineering World Health, Medicines Sans Frontieres (Doctors without Borders) and Unite for Sight. The purpose will be to show how knowledge and skills are transferred over short intensive training periods. I will connect this historically to different models of training medical practitioners in a different chapter.

Strange habitat [micro]
In this section, I will discuss surgical eye camps and other similar camps where not just screening, but other more invasive types of medical work are performed out of the western modern medicine context. I will discuss how the strangeness of place -- even to a physician who is originally from that cultural context but was trained in western modern medicine -- can complicate and transform medical knowledges, resulting in new biomedical technology innovation. This ties back to the chapter on the roles of the physician.

//CHAPTER 4// Sustainable Gaze: Public Health and Social Entrepreneurship?!?!?!?
XXXXXX chapter description XXXX

International Public Health Goods [macro]
This section will discuss the idea of international public health goods and what this means for sustainability and humanity.

Human Welfare Economics: Setting the Stage??? [meso]
This section will discuss the work of Amartya Sen and Paul Farmer who both discuss public health as a human right.

Sustainability and Development [micro]
XXXXXXsection description XXXX

Conclusion
In this chapter I will summarize all of the main points from the previous chapters.

Appendix 1 Theoretical Framework for Medical Technology Transfer
In this appendix, a theoretical framework is presented that incorporates the decision-making processes at different scales by multiple actors (including politicians, ophthalmologists, manufacturing technicians, administrative staff, etc) to adapt and innovate medical technology-practice internationally between two socio-cultural contexts. The largest contribution of this theoretical framework is the idea of bi-directional transfer, where the cycle of innovative technology transfer is not one-way from industrialized nations to developing nations, but instead, circulatory with diffusion of ideas, processes, and, artifacts in both directions.

Appendix 2 ????XXXX????
XXXXXX