memo11-three+annotation

**// Bilder, R.M., Mukherjee, S., & Rieder, R.O. (1985), Symptomatic and neurophysiological components of defect states. //**** Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11(3), **  1-     What three quotes capture the critical import of the text?  Ø  The florid or "positive" symptoms may have little prognostic significance (Jansson 1968; Strauss and Carpenter 1972) and "negative" symptoms, such as apathy and emotional blunting, have received renewed attention over recent years. ( p409 )  Ø  Evaluation of the positive/negative symptom construct so far has involved: • Assessment of consistency within the domain of positive and negative symptoms; • Concurrent validity studies testing the effects of positive/ negative symptom magnitude or group classification on other variables theoretically relevant to the more general type I/type II or positive/negative distinctions.(p 410 )   2-     What is the main argument of the text?  Ø  A process independent of the positive/negative distinction may be associated with widespread neuropsychological impairment so investigators of the "defect state" in chronic schizophrenia should consider the possibility that it is not a monothetic construct  // 3-    // <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Describe at least three ways that the main argument is supported <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Findings of investigations in which symptomatic and neuropsychological assessments were conducted in a sample of 32 chronic schizophrenic inpatients <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Reviewing the literature of previous works and explaining negative and positive outcomes of previous researches <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">multidisciplinary investigation of brain-behavior relationships in schizophrenic disorders which includes historical, symptomatic, neuropsychological, biochemical, cerebrometabolic, and neuroradiographic components <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> //<span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 4-    // <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Describe the main literatures that the text draws on and contributes to. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">scrutinizing positive and negative symptoms and relationships of such symptoms to neuropsychological performance. <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 5-    <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Explain how the argument and evidence in the text supports, challenges or otherwise relates to <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">the argument or narrative that you imagine developing. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This result that the specificity of dysfunctions to the schizophrenic syndrome is unknown shows that future research on such defects in psychiatric disorders and in illnesses of known etiopathology are needed to resolve this and related issues. //<span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 6-    // <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">List of at least three details or examples from the text that you can use to support the argument or narrative that you are developing <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The original validation study, using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) (Andreasen 1981) and positive symptom variables derived from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) (Endicott and Spitzer 1978), demonstrated overall consistency within the set of negative symptoms and negative correlation between positive and negative symptoms (Andreasen and Olsen 1982). <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Lewine, Fogg, and Meltzer (1983) found bizarre behavior and loosening of associations to be the items with poorest fit to scales of positive and negative symptoms developed with Rasch models. Their results are thus consistent with the results of the paper and support the idea that these symptoms may be relatively independent of the positive/negative distinction. **// Psychological Interventions for Schizophrenia, Jack E. Scott and Lisa B. Dixon, //**//**<span style="font-size: 13pt; color: red; line-height: 115%; font-style: normal; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Schizophrenia Bulletin **//**//, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1995 //** <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1. <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> What three quotes capture the critical import of the text? <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Powles (1964) suggests three criteria for defining group psychotherapies: (1) a group of people is gathered for some therapeutic goal; (2) a professional expert leader is present to assist the group; and (3) the relationships and interactions between group members are used as tools for clarification, motivation, or behavioral change…Social skills training, cognitive and behavioral therapies, and family therapy also may be delivered in group settings, and patient-directed self-help groups by definition use this format. (p621) <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Second, social skills training appears to be effective in improving subjects' social competence (Halford and Hayes 1991) (p626) <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Finally, there is a need to identify diagnostic, demographic, setting, and social factors that influence the effectiveness of psychosocial skills training (628) <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 2. <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> What is the main argument of the text? <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The main argument is emphasizing the group psychotherapies with largely dynamic or supportive orientations, although some of the group interventions reviewed target problem-solving and socialization skills. <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 3- Describe at least three ways that the main argument is supported. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Reviewing a comprehensive study of previous works related to the topic explaining the quantitative results of the research in a qualitative way, explaining both limitations and advantages of group psychotherapy <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 4- Describe the main literatures that the text draws on and contributes to. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">the results from major controlled studies of psychotherapy with patients with schizophrenia show that "... on average individual treatment does not play an important role in reducing symptoms, decreasing hospitalization, or enhancing community adjustment" <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Benton (1989) found a significant mean treatment effect size for social skills training on hospital discharge <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The impact of psychosocial skills training on measures of social functioning is modest and may be time limited when it does occur. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5- Explain how the argument and evidence in the text supports, challenges or otherwise relates to <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">the argument or narrative that you imagine developing. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">By contrasting the negative and positive effects of group psychotherapy by the author, the texts may challenge my argument. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 6- List of at least three details or examples from the text that you can use to support the argument or narrative that you are developing <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Recently, there has been growing interest in including cognitive skill and/or cognitive remediation techniques in traditional social skills training approaches. For example, Brenner et al. (1992) reviewed research on the integrated psychological therapy (IPT) model, which combines cognitive and social skills training. <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">There is also interest in applying cognitive remediation techniques in schizophrenia; see discussions by Spring and Ravdin (1992) and Liberman and Green (1992).
 * // Literature 1- Schizophrenia  //**
 * //  Literature 2 Social Interventions  //**

<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Kerstin Dautenhahn <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1-    <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> What three quotes capture the critical import of the text? <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The system shows that human-intensive, repetitive aspects of existing behavioural therapy techniques can potentially be automated. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Recently Socially Intelligent Agents research has resulted in a variety of different software and robotic systems which can successfully interact with humans and show aspects of human-style social intelligence <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Using a robot as a remedial toy takes up the challenge of bridging the gap between the variety and unpredictability of human social behavior. <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 2-    <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> What is the main argument of the text? <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Interactive environments (software or robotic) as learning and teaching tools are useful for the rehabilitation of children with autism <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 3-    <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Describe at least three ways that the main argument is supported <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">By explaining AURORA project which aimed at developing an autonomous, mobile robot as a therapeutic tool for children with autism and also explaining relative cognitive theories <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 4-    <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Describe the main literatures that the text draws on and contributes to  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø   <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">theory of human social competence, theory of mind system. <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 1-    <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-  <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Explain how the argument and evidence in the text supports, challenges or otherwise relates to <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">the argument or narrative that you imagine developing <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This paper can be an example for this belief that robots can be used as a mean for recovering psychological disorders so that will support my main argument <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 2-    <span style="font-size: 13pt; color: #7030a0; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> List of at least three details or examples from the text that you can use to support the argument or narrative that you are developing <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">KISMET is a humanoid face that can generate expressive social interactions with human ‘caretakers’. Such ‘meaningful’ interactions can be regarded as a stepping-stone for the development of social relationships between a robot and a human <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The ROBOTA dolls are humanoid robots developed as interactive toys for children and are used as research platforms in order to study how a human can teach a robot, using imitation, speech and gestures. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Besides commercial purposes (see Sony’s Aibo robot), such interactive robotic systems can potentially be utilised as learning environments and in rehabilitation applications, as studied in the AURORA project.
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Design Issues on Interactive Environments for Children with Autism **