Memo41+--+Primary+Data+No.4

Thomas Solley STSH 4980-01 Senior Thesis Costelloe-Kuehn 11/5/2014 11/12/2014 11/15/2014

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__ Memo 41 -- Primary Data Number __ 4

.. Assorted notes from the "STS" side of stuff -- looking at the "Humanity" side of things, getting perspective on the STS perspective of what "humanity" may be. Hoping to do an in-depth review of a Single, Important Secondary-Source Academic Article for this "side" of my Thesis.

Info on "critical tehnology," "Annual Review," and "STHV" can be found in Memo 40. [I am not using Annual Reviews here due to the infringement debate of two weeks ago]

__ Primary Article __

__Notes & Annotations;__ [Stuff from STHV source, under query of "humanity"][from 440 articles][further sorting not available][Skipped all items titled 'Bibliography,' 'Letter to the Editor,' 'News,' 'News Items,' 'Commentary,' 'Editorial'][41 items, stopped searching after 350] < http://sth.sagepub.com/search/results?fulltext=humanity&x=0&y=0&submit=yes&journal_set=spsth&src=selected&andorexactfulltext=and>
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[Stuff from STHV source, under query of "human"][Out of 1452 results][Too many here... will skip this, since not relevant]
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[Stuff from STHV source, under query of "human nature"][Out of 60 results][42 items] < http://sth.sagepub.com/search/results>
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[Articles from Google Scholar, under query "humanity"][Out of 1.63 million results]  [Out of 17.7 thousand results, modified to contain search phrase in title]  [Out of 524 results, added in the last year and sorted by rate][13 items, taken from collection of previous searches, all from first results pages] 
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[Articles from Google Scholar, under query "human"][Out of 5.96 million results] < http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=human&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C33> [Out of 1.62 million results, sorted by having search query in title, sorted by time][6 items, taken from first page of 7] 
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[Articles from Google Scholar, under query "human nature"][Out of 3.66 million results] < http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=human+nature&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C33>,  [Out of 226 results, modified to include all items of search query][23 items found -- more WILL exist in history][Articles added in the last year, sorted by date][Taken from first 50] 
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[Articles from Google Scholar, under query of "human nature slow movement"][From 1.01 million results] < http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=human+nature+slow+movement&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C33&as_sdtp=> [Searched for the words in the title, did not get any results] 
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[Articles from Google Scholar, under query of "human nature transhumanism"][From 8.55 thousand results] < http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=human+nature+transhumanism&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C33> [Out of 3 results, 3 items, modified to seek within Titles] 
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[Articles from EBSCOHost under query "humanity"][Out of 814 results]  [Out of 414 results, modified under search queries]  [Out of 20 results, modified to include Abstracts and Linked Full Text Available][3 items, mostly unrelated] 
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[Articles from EBSCOHost under query "human"][Out of 59.01 thousand results] < http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced?sid=30967f13-d79d-4a7a-9b02-7c45566af2b4%40sessionmgr4002&vid=3&hid=4212&bquery=human&bdata=JmRiPWdlaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl> [Out of 52.746 thousand results, modified subjects]  [Out of 2.49 thousand results, modified to include Full Text and Abstract]  [Out of 460 results, modified by Journal Publication][5 items, taken from first 50 shown, none actually relevant to my intent][All geology, paleontology] 
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[Articles from EBSCOHost under query "human nature"][Out of 2.392 thousand results] < http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced?sid=30967f13-d79d-4a7a-9b02-7c45566af2b4%40sessionmgr4002&vid=4&hid=4212&bquery=(human+AND+nature)&bdata=JmRiPWdlaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl> [Out of 1.973 thousand results, modified by Subject]  [Out of 364 results, modified by Publisher]  [Out of 15 results, modified to include Full Text and Abstract][3 items, marginally relevant] <http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced?sid=30967f13-d79d-4a7a-9b02-7c45566af2b4%40sessionmgr4002&vid=24&hid=4212&bquery=(human+AND+nature)&bdata=JmRiPWdlaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl>
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[Articles from EBSCOHost, under query of "human nature slow movement"][2 items, from 2 results] < http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced?sid=ae35b978-6684-490f-bf06-af9f5379be11%40sessionmgr110&vid=3&hid=107&bquery=(human+AND+nature+AND+slow+AND+movement)&bdata=JmRiPWdlaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl>


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[Articles from EBSCOHost, under query of "human nature transhumanism"][From 2.255 thousand results] < http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced?sid=ae35b978-6684-490f-bf06-af9f5379be11%40sessionmgr110&vid=4&hid=107&bquery=XX+%22human%22%5b100%5d+AND+(XX+%22nature%22%5b98%5d)&bdata=JmRiPWdlaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl>

[Uncertain how to refine this search easily... 144 results when Include Full Text and Abstract] <http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced?sid=ae35b978-6684-490f-bf06-af9f5379be11%40sessionmgr110&vid=25&hid=107&bquery=(human+AND+nature+AND+transhumanism)&bdata=JmRiPWdlaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl> [Since I was not getting constructive results when I limited the Subjects, I reverted to limiting the Publications][from 40 results][6 items] <http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced?sid=ae35b978-6684-490f-bf06-af9f5379be11%40sessionmgr110&vid=28&hid=107&bquery=XX+%22human%22%5b100%5d+AND+(XX+%22nature%22%5b98%5d)&bdata=JmRiPWdlaCZjbGkwPUZUJmNsdjA9WSZjbGkxPUFBMSZjbHYxPVkmdHlwZT0xJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d>


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__Concerns and Notes__ Mehhhh this may prove long, or provie short, depending on hwo I choose to structure this...

So before I can actually do constructive analysis on "what is human," I need some definitions of 'humanity,' I suppose. The following websites have the following useful tidbits to offer, on the subject of 'humanity' (as I really need a single place where I can put all the content, quotes, and review it at once to compare what I need to be using in my search-queries of the Scholars)[after having run a brief search on Google, as-per <https://www.google.com/search?q=humanity&oq=humanity&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i65l3j69i60l2.3152j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8>] __Merriam-Webster;__ >>>>>> ==<span style="color: #c3857a; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Full Definition of HUMAN == >>>>>> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> >>>>>> **:** a bipedal primate mammal <range type="comment" id="531196056_1">(//Homo sapiens//)</range id="531196056_1"> **:** [|man] ; //broadly//**:** [|hominid] — **<span style="font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">hu·man·like ** //adjective// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">  "
 * 1) The condition of being **humane** <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/humanity>
 * **Humane**; <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/humane>
 * 1) Marked by compassion, sympathy, or consideration for humans or animals
 * 2) Characterized by or tending to broad humanistic culture
 * 2) The quality or state of being **human**
 * **Human**; <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/human>
 * 1) <range type="comment" id="531166356_1">Of, relating to, or affecting people
 * 2) Typical of **people**</range id="531166356_1">
 * **People**; <>
 * c [Quasi-irrelevant, as they don't allow a direct link to what <range type="comment" id="531196056_2">contextual-use</range id="531196056_2"> they mean of 'people']
 * [However, a look at the full definition of 'human' certainly reveals what they mean by 'human', <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/humans?show=0&t=1416099021>]
 * "[Under '2. Human (noun) - a person']

__Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia;__ >>> A key theme in discussion of the human condition is that humans search for purpose, are curious, and thrive on new information. High-level thought processes, such as [|self-awareness], [|rationality] , and [|sapience] , [|[2]][|[3]][|[4]] are considered to be defining features of what constitutes a [|person]. [|[5]][|[6]] It has been defined as humans' capacity for good and evil. [|[7]] >>> The human condition can be viewed as related to the manner in which the individual interprets and manipulates the world around him in order to serve the individual's intangible needs (examples: kinship, pursuit of happiness, honour, etc.). [|[8]] >>> In most developed [|countries], improvements in technology, [|medicine] , [|education] , and [|public health] have brought about quantitative, not necessarily qualitative, marked changes in the human condition over the last few hundred years, including increases in [|life expectancy] and population (see [|demographic transition] ). Notably, one of the largest changes has been the availability of [|contraception], which has changed the lives of countless humans. Even then, these changes only alter the details of the human condition." >>> Aristotle—Plato's most famous student—made some of the most famous and influential statements about human nature. In his works, apart from using a similar scheme of a divided human soul, some clear statements about human nature are made: >>> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">For Aristotle, reason is not only what is most special about humanity compared to other animals, but it is also what we were meant to achieve at our best. Much of Aristotle's description of human nature is still influential today. However, the particular teleological idea that humans are "meant" or intended to be something has become much less popular in [|modern times] . [|[8]] >>> For the Socratics, human nature, and all natures, are metaphysical concepts. Aristotle developed the standard presentation of this approach with his theory of [|four causes]. Human nature is an example of a formal cause, according to Aristotle. Their teleological concept of nature is associated with humans having a divine component in their psyches, which is most properly exercised in the lifestyle of the philosopher, which is thereby also the happiest and least painful life." >>>> "what ideals make up our notions of 'human nature'?" >>>> //__**Thus in reviewing the H+ and ST/SM, I am looking-for the ideals they use to describe their views of "human nature," or what they think "human nature" SHOULD BE.**__// >>>>
 * 1) The condition of being human; <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanity>
 * **Humanity (virtue);** <range type="comment" id="531192864_1"><http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)></range id="531192864_1">
 * "**Humanity** is a [|virtue] associated with basic [|ethics] of [|altruism] derived from the [|human condition] .<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">Humanity differs from mere [|justice] in that there is a level of altruism towards individuals included in humanity more so than the fairness found in justice. [|[1]] That is, humanity, and the acts of love, altruism, and social intelligence are typically person to person strengths while fairness is generally expanded to all. Peterson & Seligman in // [|Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification] //(2004) class humanity as one of six virtues that are consistent across all cultures. [|[2]] The concept goes back to the development of "humane" or " [|humanist] " philosophy during the [|Renaissance] (with predecessors in 13th-century [|scholasticism] stressing a concept of basic [|human dignity] inspired by [|Aristotelianism] ) and the concept of [|humanitarianism] in the early modern period, and resulted in modern notions such as " [|human rights] "."
 * **The human condition**; <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_condition>
 * "The **human condition** encompasses the unique features of being [|human], particularly the ultimate concerns of human existence. It can be described as the <range type="comment" id="531192864_2">unalterable part of humanity that is inherent and innate to human beings and not dependent on factors such as gender, race, culture, or class</range id="531192864_2">. It includes concerns such as the [|meaning of life] , the search for [|gratification] , the sense of [|curiosity] , the inevitability of isolation, and the awareness of the inescapability of death. <range type="comment" id="531193400_1">In essence, the human condition is the self-aware, and reflective nature of Homo sapiens that allows for analysis of existential themes.</range id="531193400_1"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">The human condition is principally studied through the set of disciplines and sub-fields that make up the [|humanities] . The study of history, philosophy, literature, and the arts all help humans to understand the nature of the human condition and the broader cultural and social arrangements that make up human lives. [// [|citation needed] //] The human condition is the subject of such fields of study as [|philosophy] , [|theology] , [|sociology] , [|psychology] , [|anthropology] , [|demographics] , [|evolutionary biology] , [|cultural studies] , and [|sociobiology] . The philosophical school of [|existentialism] deals with core issues related to the human condition including the ongoing search for ultimate meaning."
 * "[Key Themes]<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">The [|existentialist] [|psychotherapist] [|Irvin D. Yalom] has identified what he refers to as the four "givens" or ultimate concerns of human existence: meaning, loneliness, freedom, and mortality. [|[1]] Yalom argues with [|Sartre] that man is "condemned to freedom" and must face his ultimate aloneness, the lack of any unquestionable ground of meaning, and ultimate mortality.
 * **Human condition (disambiguation);** [Nothing actually useful here] <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_condition_(disambiguation)>
 * **Human nature;** <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nature>, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nature_(disambiguation)>, <http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/humanness>
 * "**Human nature** refers to the distinguishing characteristics—including ways of [|thinking], [|feeling] and [|acting] —which [|humans] tend to have [|naturally] , independently of the influence of [|culture] . The questions of what these characteristics are, how fixed they are, and what causes them are amongst the oldest and most important questions in [|western philosophy] . These questions have particularly important implications in [|ethics] , [|politics] , and [|theology] . This is partly because human nature can be regarded as both a source of [|norms] of conduct or ways of life, as well as presenting obstacles or constraints on living a good life. The complex implications of such questions are also dealt with in [|art] and [|literature] , while the multiple branches of the [|humanities] together form an important domain of inquiry into human nature and into the question of what it is to be human.<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">The branches of contemporary science associated with the study of human nature include [|anthropology] , [|sociology] , [|sociobiology] , and [|psychology] (particularly [|evolutionary psychology] and [|developmental psychology] ). The " [|nature versus nurture] " debate is a broadly inclusive and well-known instance of a discussion about human nature in the [|natural sciences] ."
 * "[Socratic philosophy]<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">Philosophy in <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|classical Greece] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> is the ultimate origin of the western conception of the nature of a thing. According to <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|Aristotle] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">, the philosophical study of human nature itself originated with <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|Socrates] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">, who turned philosophy from study of the heavens to study of the human things. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; text-decoration: none;">[|[3]] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> Socrates is said to have studied the question of how a person should best live, but he left no written works. It is clear from the works of his students <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|Plato] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> and <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|Xenophon] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">, and also by what was said about him by Aristotle (Plato's student), that Socrates was a <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|rationalist] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> and believed that the best life and the life most suited to human nature involved <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|reasoning] "
 * "[Socratic Philosophy, cont.]<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">The human [|soul] in the works of Plato and Aristotle has a divided nature, divided in a specifically human way. One part is specifically human and rational, and divided into a part which is rational on its own, and a spirited part which can understand reason. Other parts of the soul are home to desires or passions similar to those found in animals. In both Aristotle and Plato, spiritedness (//thumos//) is distinguished from the other passions (//epithumiai//). [|[4]] The proper function of the "rational" was to rule the other parts of the soul, helped by spiritedness. By this account, using one's reason is the best way to live, and philosophers are the highest types of humans.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">Man is a conjugal animal, meaning an animal which is born to couple when an adult, thus building a household (//oikos//) and, in more successful cases, a clan or small village still run upon patriarchal lines. [|[5]]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">Man is a political animal, meaning an animal with an innate propensity to develop more complex communities the size of a city or town, with a [|division of labor] and law-making. This type of community is different in kind from a large family, and requires the special use of human reason. [|[6]]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">Man is a [|mimetic] animal. Man loves to use his imagination (and not only to make laws and run town councils). He says "we enjoy looking at accurate likenesses of things which are themselves painful to see, obscene beasts, for instance, and corpses." And the "reason why we enjoy seeing likenesses is that, as we look, we learn and infer what each is, for instance, 'that is so and so.'" [|[7]]
 * [Looking-through the Modernism section]...
 * So I suppose my search is to find the following; "what is the ideal human nature?" or, to put it a different way,
 * "[Under 'Natural Science']<span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|E. O. Wilson] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">'s <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|sociobiology] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> and closely related theory of <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|evolutionary psychology] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> give scientific arguments against the " //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">tabula rasa //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">" hypotheses of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. In his book //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge] //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> (1998), Wilson claimed that it was time for a cooperation of all the sciences to explore human nature. He defined human nature as a collection of <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|epigenetic] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> <range type="comment" id="531195438_1">rules: the genetic patterns of mental development. Cultural phenomena, rituals, etc. are products, not part of human nature. For example, artworks are not part of human nature, but our appreciation of art is.</range id="531195438_1"> This art appreciation, or our fear for snakes, or incest taboo ( <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|Westermarck effect] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">) can be studied by the methods of <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|reductionism] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">. Until now, these phenomena were only part of psychological, sociological, and anthropological studies. Wilson proposes that they can be part of <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;">[|interdisciplinary research] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;">."

__Dictionary.com;__
 * 1) All human beings collectively; the human race; humankind <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/humanity>
 * 2) The quality or condition of being human; human nature
 * 3) The quality of being humane; kindness; benevolence
 * Synonyms; sympathy, tenderness, goodwill
 * Antonyms; **inhumanity**, unkindness
 * **Inhumanity;** <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/inhumanity>
 * 1) The state or quality of being **inhuman** or **inhumane**; cruelty.
 * 2) An inhuman or inhumane act.
 * Synonyms; savagery, brutality, brutishness
 * **Inhuman;** <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/inhuman>
 * 1) Lacking qualities of sympathy, pity, warmth, compassion, or the like; cruel; brutal
 * 2) Not suited for human beings
 * 3) Not human
 * Synonyms; unfeeling, unsympathetic, cold, callous, hard, savage, brutish
 * **Inhumane;** <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/inhumane>
 * 1) Not humane; lacking humanity, kindness, compassion, etc.

TheFreeDictionary.com;
 * [Multiple entries taken from multiple sources] <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/humanity>

Well, at least I know I need to be looking for "human nature," to find the "traits and characteristics" associated-with "being human", by each side... Oh boy, I could have a field-day with this, if I had more time -- referencing and using ALL the historical models that the Wiki page mentions -- Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Freud, and those others I've never heard of but whom are somehow important [Wilson?]