Memo+32+Draft+Literature+Review+(with+bibliography)

Examining Current trends in the literature of efficient stove development and the more encompassing factors that affect their transfer can provide clues as to what can be improved upon in the future. The following literatures will provide support for this. __1. The history of globalization and its overall positive and negative effects.__ The History of this global system’s synthesis has already been partially outlined by the background section above. There is no doubt that global development has a long history of injustice, as the primary goals in the beginning were extraction oriented, namely colonialism and imperialism. In many ways the rebranded periods of development that followed were no better then the periods before them and in some cases were a lot worse (Escobar, 2011; Rist, 2008). Overall understanding is still evolving and is liable to require continued analysis almost indefinitely into the future. The argument that development is generally harmful overall (Bhagwati, 2004; Davis, 2006; Hartmann & Sacks, 2012; Wade, 2004) or beneficial overall (Bardhan, 2006; Castells, 1999; Dollar, 2005; Johnson, 2002; Salvatore, 2004) is still a matter of debate, and it is becoming very common to see analysis that recognizes the harmful and beneficial sides of the argument as a more balanced approach to identifying where things could be improved and where they function well as is (Gomory & Baumol, 2004; Intriligator, 2004; Salvatore, 2007; Thorbecke & Nissanke, 2006). Those that see globalization under almost purely economic definitions tend to conclude that the free market system should be left unencumbered by social components that would hinder efficiency and growth. They often recognize that social issues are not addressed, but maintain their position that the current economy is the most effective approach known to the world. The direction of the global system can be altered, but it is unlikely to be replaced. The paper that will be written on this foundation of knowledge will provide analysis on resource transfer and dissemination to consider how the system has evolved in recent times and contribute to the argument that social components are important to the future that globalization seeks to achieve.
 * General trends in the current literature of development**

__2. The alternative approaches to globalization and development that have been suggested to ameliorate the problems with the current system and explanations on how the system functions or should function.__ Addressing the flaws in the current economic system will be no easy task, primarily because understanding of this system is based on simplified models and theories that seek to explain what occurs and what will occur, but do not always reflect reality. Plenty interpretations of the system hold true, but new knowledge is always being created on the actual verses perceived function of the system. Some explanations of the system that include what experts believe should occur and what actually is seen in the field provide important implications for targeting problems at their true source where change will be more effective. For example, Allen J. Scott and Michael Stopper point out that cities and the urbanization of areas in and around cities, along with other specific types of regions, cause development as much if not more then being the effect of development in their paper entitled //Regions, Globalization, Development.// This has important implications for the battle against rural poverty. Another important example is the impact of interaction between countries of varying levels of wealth put forth by Matthew C. Mahutga and David A. Smith in //Globalization, the structure of the world economy and economic development//. They recognize that in a world of complete globalization of previously isolated markets the most well off will loose some wealth, some of the poorest will not integrate properly, and a large middle wealth population will develop across the world as the poorest begin to integrate. Recognizing the physical limits of the system may be the most important step of all (Aggarwal, 2006). The current system is based on the idea of endless growth in a lot of cases despite knowledge on finite limits involved. It is also important to examine the alterations to the current system that seek to remove some of the more harmful effects that have surfaced. In the past, proposed solutions often included encompassing reform. To some extent the call for this type of reform is still particularly strong, but in light of past failures and the level of individualism the current global model generates, approaches have become more and more targeted. Some of the more recent solutions include microfinance (Hulme, 2000; Karnani, 2007; McIntosh & Wydick, 2005; Morduch, 2000; Pretes, 2002) and fair trade (Goodman, 2010; Hartmann & Sacks, 2012; Marston, 2013; Raynolds, 2012; Renard, 2003, 2005). It is important to examine solutions like these because they seek positive reform through very narrow lens of understanding that can be as harmful as they are helpful.

Establishing the true impact of the system as a whole and targeted reform leads to the important question of whether integration should occur at all in some cases. This is indirectly evident in //After the Tsunami: A Scientist’s Dilemma,// by Richard Stone among other works (Basu, 2006; Illich, 1968). Without questioning interaction and qualifications for interaction there can be dangerous consequences. Adopting appropriate constructs of interaction for effective long-term development has to be appropriately structured (Schumacher & McKibben, 2010). It is important that the mistakes of the past that made prospects even worse and continue to do ham are prevented in the future.

The proposed paper will strive to analyze and further knowledge along all of these avenues because they have as many consequences for the future as they have for the past and present. The transfers involved do not always make everyone better off in ways that solve the more important long-term issues. It is necessary to cover so many avenues of approach because they all impact the overall system. Leaving out knowledge that has already become a framework for everyday interactions would lead to incomplete and faulty conclusions.

__3. The components, duration, and goals of the clean cookstove movement.__ This body of literature is still taking shape, but is sufficient enough to allow for the examination of transfers through multiple avenues that can have broader implications that relate and add to the more established literatures above. Efficient cook stoves are needed to address climate change, deforestation, women’s rights, and human health (Foell, Pachauri, Spreng, & Zerriffi, 2011; L’Orange, Volckens, & DeFoort, 2012; MacCarty, Ogle, Still, Bond, & Roden, 2008; MacCarty, Still, & Ogle, 2010; Wickramasinghe, 2011). The issue has become less about what technologies should be deployed, but how to deploy them. Discussion of this diffusion can be found in the current literature thanks to analysis done in India (Shrimali, Slaski, Thurber, & Zerriffi, 2011) and China (Chowdhury et al., 2013; Qiu, Gu, Catania, & Huang, 1996). It is the goal of the proposed paper to study transfer of these stoves on a larger scale that will allow for more encompassing conclusions on resource transfer and global integrations between different regions in general. There is a lot of information on how these stoves are transferred, but dissemination of these technologies is proving difficult. The problems with this dissemination are unlikely to apply exclusively to stoves so this study has the potential to identify larger problems that can and should be addressed in the current system.

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