Drexel_Week+11

Work in progress...
 * Memo: First Draft Proposal**


 * Green Building Designers: Thinking Outside the Box?**

The building industry is growing at an alarming rate. According to the American Institute of Architects, buildings use 48% of total annual energy in the United States. Industry only uses 25% and transportation 27% comparatively. The construction market accounts for 13.4% of the total $13.2 trillion United States GDP. The United States consumes 30% of total world energy and 60% of the world’s electricity, and produces 2.5 pounds of solid waste per square foot of floor space during construction. To top it off, there is no stop in sight. United States annual energy consumption is project to only increase over the next 20 years by at least 37% and greenhouse gas emissions to 36%. The total global energy consumption used annually is projected to dramatically increase by 54% over the 20 years. Sustainability is a relatively new concept in the building industry. The aim of this study is to research how professionals in the green building industry understand sustainability in their field during three distinct periods of their career; early education, current industry, and the future. Current literature addresses how ethics in used in professional atmosphere. In fact, Nichols discovered the importance of ethics during a professional’s development because this period is the foundation for the career of current and future professionals. Another literature studied today is the metrics used to define sustainability in the building industry. The current metrics use policies and point systems to incentivize sustainability in the field. Furthermore, emerging technologies and approaches in the building industry have been studied to see how much stronger sustainability can be in the building industry. For example, This study will move beyond modern literatures about sustainability in the building industry. Information will be collected through interviews, literature reviews, and technology reviews in order to address the ethical conundrum green building professionals face when dealing with sustainability in the world we currently live within. The results of this study demonstrate how sustainability is a changing definition between professionals in the building industry. This definition effects the way professionals interact in the construction of a building. These interdisciplinary approaches move drive the successes of the advanced technologies and approaches for sustainability. From this study, major changes are needed in the sustainably building industry including professional development, clear holistic adaptable metrics, and market transformations. The people needed to create these changes are policy makers, building professionals, clients, and occupants. Sustainability has to be thought about in every step of the building process. The policy creators have to think about the consequences their codes and standards have on buildings. Professionals in the building industry must reflect on their role on the sustainability of the building they create in terms of economic health, environment health, and health of the occupants. Finally, in order for change to really occur clients and occupants should reflect on the types of buildings they work, play, and live inside. The purpose of this ethnography of green building professionals will be to understand how sustainability is reflecting on during each stage of a building professional’s career. The first phase of the study will be a qualitative exploration of sustainability in which interviews will be conducted with educators, building professionals, and policy creators. From this initial exploration the qualitative findings will be used to develop assessment measures that can be used to reflect on the current mode of thought in the green building industry and predict the future direction the industry is going to follow. This study aims to advance knowledge and understanding of the “green” building industry and how professionals understand and consider sustainability in their profession. This study will accomplish these aims using a mixed methods approach using market research, literature reviews, and interviews. The market research will review technologies and approaches used in the current market and emerging for future use. The interviews will be conducted with industry professionals, policy and code creators, and building occupants. The data obtained for this study will be found in interviews, literature reviews, and market research. This study is important because our society is at the tipping point in our climate. The population is growing at an alarming rate and the materials used in built environments are leading to pollution, health costs, and loss of non-renewable natural resources. I feel prepared to carry out the study with my expertise in architecture, social science, and the building industry. Aim 1: Define sustainability in the building industry and discover how the different definitions have changed the direction of the built environment. Specific contributions include: Aim 2: Generate new knowledge about how the building field communicates with each other in an interdisciplinary fashion. Specific contributions include: Aim 3: Generate new knowledge about the perceived ethic responsibility in the building community. Specific contributions include: Aim 4: Generate new knowledge about how the “green” building industry and LEED in particular has shaped the built environment. Specific contributions include: Current Literatures: Ethics in Professionals This literature discusses the role of ethics in the professional field. Ethics is part of every decision professionals make, however ethics is not always acknowledged. Salespeople are a great example of how unethical decisions can be made without a guilty conscious. The neutralization techniques that are fundamental to a salesperson’s profession allow boarder line unethical decisions to be made. In order for professions to decipher between decision making techniques, ethics should be taught during professional development. Nichols explains how when students learn and use ethics during their upbringing as a professional, it is more likely that ethical decisions will be achieved later on in their career. To continue, later on in careers ethics must be readdressed when working in an interdisciplinary practice. In Ewashen and Murphy’s study nurses and doctors change their ethics when collaborating between professionals. In order for in professional ethics compliance go from good to great a professional has to let the little things go, but pay attention to what needs to be addressed. There are few literatures about how ethics is used in the building industry. Environmental ethics gives a new criterion for architecture to stand up to. Architects have a responsibility for their designs to react to humanity. The current literature is lacking in respects to ethics in the building industry. Architects are considering their work in a larger framework, however there is no accountability. Environmental ethics is not observed in the education and career of building professionals. How do designers reflect on the health and safety of occupants? It is important to consider at what level sustainability is a responsibility. Is it the responsibility of the industry with policies or the individual with incentive programs? This section will also go over the role of ethics in the education of professionals. During the design process it is important for the professional to keep an ethical framework when working with a client. It is not only the client’s responsibility for a sustainable design, but also the professional’s responsibility. To continue, interdisciplinary techniques are needed for sustainable whole system designs and cross checking of ethical buildings with emerging technologies and approaches. My research will build upon the existing ethics research. The current research will frame the questions I will ask sustainable building professionals. The research has looked into responsibility, interdisciplinary action, and professional development. My research will combine those topics to see the future of the sustainable building industry and how professionals advocate for a more sustainable industry. Political Constructs of Sustainability in the Building Industry The second literature goes over the political constructs of sustainability in the building industry. Literature currently says LEED has impacted the architecture and engineering firm employees. LEED is being adopted in the United States because it is a fad and fashionable for efficiency in the built environment. However, there is evidence that LEED is not achieving the energy savings goals that it is advertising and non LEED buildings can be much more environmentally friendly. For example, Roudman states “the Bank of America Tower produces more greenhouse gases and uses more energy per square foot than any comparably sized office building in Manhattan.” Still, LEED is important to consider in the building industry because it makes economic sense since it is intertwined with tax credits and deductions. The incentives promote the use of the LEED program and possibly lower the standards of sustainability in the built environment. One of the biggest benefits of LEED in the literature is that it has the ability to adapt and change for energy savings. The current literature does not state if professionals are heard in the LEED program. There are new versions of LEED every few years, but it is unclear how many concerns have been addressed. The role of ownership in the political system is not covered in the literature. My research will use this literature to show how LEED has redirected sustainability in the building industry. LEED is hindering professionals to truly think outside the box. It is also creating a framework for professionals to think “green” when designing buildings. My research will look into how professionals take advantage of LEED’s adaptability. Have professionals succeeded in creating new LEED credits or seen change in the program. Furthermore, I will research the role of responsibility in developing codes and standards. This includes trust in public versus private corporations. Barriers and Drivers in the Green Building Industry
 * Abstract**
 * 1.)** **Overview**
 * How do the different definitions of sustainability based on professional perspective affect the sustainable building field?
 * What are the different professions in the sustainable building field?
 * What is a comprehensive definition of sustainability?
 * What is the sustainable building field?
 * At what level is sustainability considered in the building field?
 * How has the level of interdisciplinary communications shaped the building industry?
 * What is the building work process?
 * Who defined building standards?
 * How have emerging technologies shaped the direct of the building field?
 * Who has the ethical responsibility of orienting towards sustainable designs?
 * Is ethics represented in the education of building professionals?
 * Who owns the environment? Who is responsible for the ecological footprint the built environment produces?
 * How has LEED impacted the sustainable building field initiative?
 * Is LEED considered during the building process?
 * Are LEED buildings really more sustainable than traditional non-LEED certified buildings?
 * How has the LEED program considered criticism?
 * 2.)** **Background Section**

Emerging Technologies and Approaches in the Building Industry

Chapter 1: Education of Professional Imagine a class of 20 students sitting around in a circle discussing the role of a professional. The professor asks “who is responsible for sustainable designs?” The students stare blankly for a minute, before one student bravely answers “the client”. The student goes on to explain how professionals must listen to their clients, and if their clients want a specific product, then it is their responsibility to create the product to those specifications. Another student agreed, stating that a client is paying for the professional’s services so it is their responsibility to ask for a sustainable design. The discussion continues with this tone. In fact, nobody disagreed with these comments. This exact situation occurred in one of my classes last semester. It is unclear where students are learning about sustainability and the ethical responsibility of a professional. Education differs among professionals and location, and ethics in professional development is falling between the cracks. Many professional programs do not include ethics, or if ethics is taught the course often lacks critical thinking. One of the goals of this proposal is to uncover the current role of the professional and how their education is shaping this role and the future of responsible designs. Technical The technical section will go over the amount of years each building industry professional goes through their educational process for certification. Next it will go over the types of technical courses each program includes. The technical courses will also include real world experiences during their education, such as apprenticeships and internships. Ethical The ethical section will go over the number of ethical courses that each building industry professional goes through during their educational process. It will also cover the current state of mind each professional has towards responsibility and activism. Creative The creative section will go over the critical thinking and design oriented courses that each building industry professional goes through during their educational process. This will access the types of solutions each building professional chooses, in terms of one time replacement solutions of consideration of their role and whole system solutions. During the education portion of the interviews with the building professionals questions evaluate how much the professional’s education has shaped their career. The first question that will be asked is the definition of sustainability. This question is important because depending on the professional’s definition of sustainability it will orient their work in a certain direction. Sustainable is defined as “able to be used without being completely used up or destroyed, involving methods that do not completely use up or destroy natural resources, able to last or continue for a long time. ” However, in recent years companies redefine sustainable to work with their goals. The triple bottom line has been used by many professionals to define sustainability. Each project must relate back to profit, people, and planet. Advocacy Educational program use different structures that reflect the industry the professional is entering. The next interview question regarding education will focus on the structure of the educational program the professional went through. Architectural program uses studio culture to promote collaboration between professors and other students. The critiquing process requires students to constantly defend their work and see a project from all scales. Contractor and HVAC professionals require hand on educational expertise. Most programs include intern style opportunities before certification. This period of education influences the style a professional works under. To continue, professionals are shaped by the teachers and mentors they work with during their educational period. One of the most important parts of the interview is to understand the inspirations professionals have. The number of professors and mentors will be important in discovering the type of education a professional went through. The collaboration of schools of thought inspire action in the sustainability field. Chapter 2: Economy of the Sustainable Building Industry Chapter 3: Future of the Sustainable Building Industry The third chapter will go over the direction that the sustainable building industry is going towards. In this chapter, I will reflect on interview responses about the education of the professional and the current state of sustainability in the building industry. Based on these responses it is possible to create a critical view of the future of sustainability in the building industry. Record and expertise of researcher: Drexel is a fifth-year student in a coterminal degree at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. She is expected to graduate May 2014 with her Bachelors of Architecture and Masters of Science in Ecological, Economics, Values, and Policy. During her time at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute she has gained knowledge about sustainable building practices, including passive design, LEED certification, and ecological designs. Last year, Drexel completed a course about LEED and is currently preparing for her LEED Green Associate credentials. During the past year she has taken courses about sustainability education, the precautionary principle, and natural resource economics. In Drexel’s sustainability education course she taught a group of first graders about sustainable building practices, such as passive solar and ventilation designs and green roofs. To continue, in her course about the Precautionary Principle she learned about policies in the United States and Europe regarding the environment, and how precaution was used in either location. Also, Drexel has completed two internships. Her first internship was in Washington, D.C. for a small architecture firm called Balodemas Architects, Chtd. During my time there she learned about code, sustainable building materials, computer modeling and drafting, and working in the field. This internship helped start building hours in the IDP (intern development program) which will help Drexel obtain her architectural certification. The second internship is at NYSERDA (New York State Energy Research and Development Authority). She worked in the Policy, Planning, and Market Development group inside the Energy Efficiency Services department. The three programs she focused on are Emerging Technologies and Accelerated Commercialization (ETAC), Small Commercial Energy Efficiency Financing, and Business Partners program. In these programs she learned about energy efficiency practices in the lighting, HVAC, and motor systems fields. Additionally, Drexel has international experience. Throughout high school Drexel was a student ambassador for the People to People program. She travelled to Australia, New Zealand, England, Ireland, Wales, France, Spain, and Portugal. During Drexel’s third year at RPI I studied abroad in Italy. She primarily spent my time in Rome; however her class travelled all over Italy, and she spent six weeks in Torino. While in Torino Drexel participated in the BuildSmart competition and worked with Italian students to develop a working hydroponic building module. Pilot studies: Architect #1 Talk- The role of sustainability changes depending on higher administration. There are key terms that public agencies focus on, such as resiliency. The goal of projects is to create the best work possible. It does not make sense for a professional to offer “bad” work if they know how to make it sustainable quality. She believes that LEED is a great program for sustainable designs. She is critical of people who say their work is sustainable and do not go for LEED certification. Reflection is a strong mode of thinking. Society today must always learn, unlearn, and relearn. She defines herself as an educator, not a lobbyist. Her public agency requires continuing education ethics training. It is a four hour ethics training. The course goes over examples of ethics in the workplace. It was viewed as repetitive. This architect has worked in both the private and public sector. She believes that change can occur easiest in the private sector because of bottom line success and lack of red tape. The public is risk averse and that often gets in the way of change. Policies are in place for positive sustainability, but society does not have reinforcement. Architect #2 Talk- This architect works for an international materials firm. It is founded in Europe, and uses European precautionary policies to create products ahead of regulation. Company uses day-lighting and shading techniques for active glazing technologies. The goal is to create all nearly zero energy buildings by 2020. Local customization is used for local needs and materials. For example, buildings in India use different materials than the United States because of the hot and humid climate. There was not a strong focus on industry infrastructure. They rely on individual company support for change. HVAC Sustainability Symposium- At the HVAC Sustainability Symposium, there were four workshops about sustainability in the HVAC field. During the workshops there were about 50 people walking in and out of the room. In the workshops I was one of four women participating. The male dominated conference spoke a lot about quick fix solutions for climate change. During the refrigerants workshop "solution" chemicals were suggested instead of rethinking the whole refrigerant system. The relationships between code officials and private corporations were discussed and it seemed that when chemicals do not work for the code, new codes are developed for the chemicals to fit. Carrier was great example of how they have more faith in companies than government. In fact, it was stated that it is better for Carrier to "draw the boxes" for chemical because if they don't then code officials will, and "it is better we [Carrier] draw them than code". Conceptual Framework: Framework 1: Advocacy—think about what level do professionals feel responsibility in the sustainability movement. Determine the drivers and barriers for professionals to commit to a sustainability oriented career. Examine the “triple bottom line” and how it is reflected in recent built environments. At what level are built environments defined as sustainable projects, the consumer, the designer, or the policy maker? Framework 2: Interdisciplinary—examine the role of each person in the development of the built environment. What are the limits of each discipline? Who feels in the gaps in between each discipline? Recognize the habits of modes of thought. At what point are roles and disciplines reexamined and reflected on failures and successes. How is the separation and combining of disciplines undermining the success of the sustainability movement? Framework 3: Technology/Techniques/Approaches—evaluate the techniques currently used in the building field. Approaches like LEED have started the conversation about sustainability in the building field, however it cannot stop there. Most of the results from LEED like projects are additive solutions, not holistic approaches, even though USGBC advertises “holistic solutions.” Because of this lack of original and effective solutions LEED and sustainable technologies are causing a sense of complacency in the sustainable building field. Research questions: i. Who do you interact with during the building process? Who do you consider a key player in the building profession? i. What is your professional definition of sustainability? i. What codes are considered for the sustainable building in your field? ii. What materials, technologies, or approaches are considered when in the sustainable mindset? i. At what point during the work process is sustainability considered? i. How do you interact with other players in the building field? i. Give me an example of how you have used standards from other fields in your process. ii. Give me an example of how you have moved beyond traditional standards. i. What emerging technologies are used in your field? i. During your educational experience, was ethics ever a topic? i. How do you define ownership? i. How has LEED affected your most recent projects? i. How has your building habits changed to consider the LEED process? ii. How often do you have to check the size of your ecological footprint in your building process? i. What are critics do you have towards the “green” building industry or the LEED program? Site justification: Professionals-- office environments, possible the site of the buildings created
 * 3.)** **Chapter Summaries**
 * Metrics of "green"
 * o LEED
 * o Living Building Challenge
 * o Green Building Initiative
 * Codes/Standards/Policies
 * o IBC
 * o ASHRAE
 * o National Green Building Standard
 * o Standard for the Design of High Performance Green Buildings
 * o International Green Construction Code
 * Current Markets
 * o Technologies
 * o Renewable Energy Sources
 * Approaches
 * o Passive Design
 * o Orientation
 * o Site
 * o Openings
 * Active Systems
 * o HVAC
 * o Motors
 * o Lighting
 * 4.)** **Preparations and Work Thus Far**
 * 5.)** **Methodology and Plan of Work**
 * 1) 1. How do the different **definitions of sustainability** based on professional perspective affect the sustainable building field?
 * 2) a. What is their thought style?
 * 3) b. What are the different professions in the sustainable building field?
 * 1) c. What is a comprehensive definition of sustainability?
 * 1) d. What is the sustainable building field?
 * 1) e. At what level is sustainability considered in the building field?
 * 1) 2. How has the level of **interdisciplinary** communications shaped the building industry?—experiences using interdisciplinary. What practices green building industry? (what are they thinking, what are they doing about it?)
 * 2) a. What is the building work process?
 * 1) b. Who defined building standards?
 * 1) c. How have emerging technologies shaped the direct of the building field?
 * 1) 3. Who has the **ethical** responsibility of orienting towards sustainable designs? How?
 * 2) a. What motive?
 * 3) b. Is ethics represented in the education of building professionals?
 * 1) c. Who owns the environment? Who is responsible for the ecological footprint the built environment produces?
 * 1) 4. How has **LEED** impacted the sustainable building field initiative?
 * 2) a. Is LEED considered during the building process?
 * 1) b. Are LEED buildings really more sustainable than traditional non-LEED certified buildings?
 * 1) c. How has the LEED program considered criticism?

Educators-- the schools (aka RPI, CASE, HVCC TEC-SMART, etc)

Policy creators-- office environments

AIA conferences, USGBC, ASHRAE, etc. Study Components: Interviews with professionals Interview with educators
 * architects
 * engineers
 * HVAC specialists
 * Lighting designers
 * Landscape designers

Interview with policy creators

Interview with codes/standards creators

Research current infrastructure for green building

Evaluate the trajectory of the green building industry and the role designers play in this future based on research and interviews Schedule of activities: October 7-21: Contact NYSERDA and RPI interviews

October 21-Nov 4: Contact professionals for interviews (KEMA, Balodmas, ICF, EYP, LRC, Fisher Maranz Stone, Tod and Billie Tsien, Jan Moyer)

October 21-Nov 15: Interview NYSERDA contacts (architects, incentive writers, specialists) Interview RPI contacts (deans, professors)

Nov 15- Dec 11: Interview professional contacts. Evaluation and Validity: The hegemonic backdrop of the sustainable building industry is that sustainable designs are expensive, additive approaches that can use “local” materials. The biggest barrier in the sustainable building field is that “green” designs have more upfront costs and do not have a strong return on investment. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how the price of green building practices has gone down. In fact, there are programs in place for builder incentives for sustainable buildings. The policies for tax credits and deductions work hand in hand with programs like LEED. In order to apply for LEED there are many upfront costs, but with the tax and building incentives the total costs is no more than traditional construction. To continue, the additive approaches that have become standard in the building field have led to a level of compliancy that is not helping in terms of sustainability as a goal. In order to achieve sustainability it is important for designers to think of the big picture of the built environment and zoom in to different scales. This multiscalular approach creates a level of evaluation of a designer’s role that is not currently commonplace. Furthermore, the “act locally, think globally” mindset that is currently adopted is not moving sustainability in the direction that is necessary. The conversation that it has started in the building field is incredible, but without a standard definition of local and sustainability it is impossible to regulate and enforce the mindset. The current model of local needs to be reflected on because it is difficult to say importing materials from 500 miles away is a local and sustainable model. The most monumental shift that is occurring in our society is our connection with our environment. When humans want to see nature, they feel as if it can only be achieved through camping or going on a hike. However, the built environment is an environment; it is a nature that we have created. It is important to consider that humans and what we create are part of a larger ecosystem. Waste is a newly found discover. Our culture has shifted from a system that uses and reuses every part of a product to a conveyer belt of disposable products. Native Americas listened to their ecosystem. The materials and techniques used reflected the surrounding environment in order to survive. Architecture is an indicator of the health and values of an ecosystem. Today the standardization of construction has led to materials and techniques that do not belong to an ecosystem. This creates a level of expected waste in order to compensate. Homes in Florida should not be the same construction as in New York. This shift to standardized approaches is further exacerbated by the additive solutions proposed. In order to make the same construction in New York to work in Florida, expensive HVAC systems need to be added creating more greenhouse gas emissions. A new shift needs to be proposed, combining our knowledge of technologies with our more holistic design approaches that were traditionally used. Research Ethics: I have an investment in sustainable architecture. I want architecture and the building industry help make the world a cleaner, healthier, profitable, and successful place. This bias must be constantly reevaluated in every step of my research. I am currently in academia, and I am being educated by some of the people I will interview. I am invested in the success of my program and the direction of RPI. Much of my information will come from interviews. I have an important job to not step on anybody's toes and make sure identities remain confidential. This research will be published as a book and act as my thesis at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
 * 6.)** **Dissemination**

 “Architects and Climate Change.” American Institute of Architects (2013).

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