Memo+10-+Three+Literatures,+Thirty+Citations

The term schizophrenia was first proposed by Eugen Bleuler. Bleuler focused on characteristic and fundamental sets of symptoms that were observable during the course of illness. Diagnostically, these symptoms were referred to as the “four A’s”; affective flattening, associative loosening, ambivalence, and autism (Flaum, 1991). Affective flattening was considered a marked diminution in emotional expressiveness. Associative loosening consisted of disorganization in thought process. Ambivalence was considered as the inability to initiate and follow through on simple tasks. Autism was involving one’s profound degree of social and interpersonal relatedness.( Walters) One of the larger steps forward in our understanding of schizophrenia came when Liddle (1987) partitioned the positive symptoms into two separate dimensions; ‘reality distortions’ such as hallucinations and delusions and ‘disorganizations’ such as tangentiality, derailment, and bizarre behaviors. Similar suggestions regarding the dimensions of schizophrenia were supported by Bilder, Mukherjee, &Rieder (1985), although both samples used were relatively small, limiting generalizability. Mental health professionals have also focused on the impact of schizophrenia on other aspects of patients’ lives. As such patients abuse drugs and alcohol at higher rates than the general population (Margolese et al, 2004).  Social functioning will be affected by this disorder. Problems with social functioning have been a noted characteristic of schizophrenia (Bellack, 1986). Further support for the inability of those with schizophrenia to normally function in society was found in Smith, Shah, Wright & Lewis (1995) Psychologists believe that “improving the social behaviors of persons with schizophrenia has been a key target of psychiatric rehabilitation techniques “(Roth et al, 2004) as a result Entire books have been devoted to social skills training (Bellack and Hersen 1979; Curran and Monti 1982), and journal articles in this area have proliferated throughout much of the last decade. 1-Flaum, M. & Andreasen, N.C. (1991). Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and related disorders: Options for DSM-IV. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17(1), 133-156  2- Rhodri Walters Ph.D.,A brief History of Schizophrenia available online: { // http://www.cellscience.com/shdss2.html //}  4- Bilder, R.M., Mukherjee, S., & Rieder, R.O. (1985). Symptomatic and neurophysiological components of defect states. //Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11(3),// 409-419.  5- Margolese, H.C., Malchy, L., Negrete, J.C., Tempier, R., & Gill, K. (2004). Drug and alcohol use among patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: levels and consequences. //<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Schizophrenia Research, 67, //<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">157-166 <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">6- Smith, K., Shah, A., Wright, K. & Lewis, G. (1995). The prevalence and costs of psychiatric <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">disorders and learning disabilities. //British Journal of Psychiatry, 166,// 9-18 <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">7- Bellack, A.S. (1986). Schizophrenia: Behavior therapy’s forgotten child. //Behavior Therapy.// //<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">21 //<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">, 29-41 <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">8- R. M. Roth, L. A. Flashman, A. J. Saykin, T. W. McAllister, and R. Vidaver, Apathy in Schizophrenia: Reduced Frontal Lobe ,Volume and Neuropsychological Deficits, //T he American Journal of Psychiatry //, January 1, 2004; 161(1): 157 – 159 <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">9- Bellack, A.S., and Hersen, M. eds.//Research and Practice in Social Skills Training//. New York: Plenum Press,1979. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">10- Curran, J.P., and Monti, P., eds. //Social Skills Training: A Practical Handbook for Assessment and Treatment//. New York: Guilford Press, 1982 <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Rehabilitation is the process of identifying and preventing or minimizing impairment, social disadvantage and adverse personal reaction brought about by the disorder while, at the same time, helping the individual to develop and use his or her talents and so acquire confidence and self esteem through success in a social role. ( Rossler, 2006) The current general approach to rehabilitation of people with schizophrenic is bio-psychosocial intervention. It includes Biological, psychological and social interventions. George Engel was the first one who introduced the BPS model. ( <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Lakhan,2006) <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Social Intervention tries to compensate for the limits of the other tow interventions. It works on the social impairment of people with schizophrenia, the negative symptoms and brings the intervention to very similar or total natural environment. ( Scott & Dixon,1995) <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">An increasing recognition of the fact that the patient as a member of the society is subject to influences by his social environment had gradually led to the development of psychotherapeutic techniques aimed at treating the patient within a group. The advantage of group over individual psychotherapy is that the patient in individual treatment may consciously suppress or unconsciously repress certain attitudes and experiences that a group may elicit as live and spontaneous reactions to group pressures. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The other factor in social intervention is family. The significance of family members and relatives for the after-care of schizophrenic people is recognized. Family is now commonly viewed as a source of support and care for the person with schizophrenia (Kreisman and Joy, 1974; Vaughn and Leff, 1981) Attention has been paid to ways to enhancing this family role and their ability to care (Hawks, 1975; Crotty and Lulys, 1986). Several models of family work have been developed. They can be classified as relative empowerment movement, education and information group (Moller & Wer; 1989), caregiver support group (Donner & Fine, 1987) and specific family interventions. Besides, certain attributes of the family environment, like the expressed emotions (Brown et al, 1996), are identified as crucial to the rehabilitation of schizophrenic people <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> 1-   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">RÖSSLER,WULF.Psychiatric rehabilitation today: an overview ,//World Psychiatry//, October; 5(3): pp151-157:2006 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 2-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Shanin, Lakhan. Biopsychosocial Model of Health & Illness, 2006, Available online { <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://brainblogger.com/2006/02/15/bps-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-health-illness/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">} <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 3-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Jack E. Scott and Lisa B. Dixon ,Psychological Interventions for Schizophrenia, //Schizophrenia Bulletin//, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp 621-630: 1995 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 4-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">KREISMAN, D.and JOY,V (1974) ‘Family response to the mental illness of a relative: a review of the literature.’ //Schizophrenia Bulletin//, 10(7a,11), pp34-57 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 5-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">VAUGHN,C.E. and LEFF, J.P.(1981)’ Patterns of emotional response in relatives of schizophrenic patients’ //Schizophrenia Bulletin//, 7(1), pp 43-44 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 6-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">HAWKS,D.(1975) ‘Community care: an analysis of assumption.’ British Journal of Psychatry, 127, pp 276-285 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 7-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">CROTTY,P.and KULYS,R. (1986)’ Are schizophrenics a burden to their families? Significant other’ views.” //Health and Social Work//,11(3), pp 173-1888 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 8-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Moller, M.D. & Wer,J.E.(1989). Simultaneous patient/family education regarding schizophrenia: The Nebraska model. //Archives o Psychiatric Nursing//, 3,pp 332-337 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 9-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Donner, R.,& Fine, G.Z.(1987). //A guide for developing self-help/advocacy groups for parents of children with serious emotional problems//. , DC: Georgetown University Child Development Centre <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 10-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Brown G., Bone, M., Dalison, B. & Wing, J. //Schizophrenia and Social Care,// London: Oxford University Press:1996 <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Human robot interaction is a new filed combination of human computer interaction, artificial intelligent, robotics, natural language understanding and social science and is not a science fiction anymore. Robotic is a science which integrates idea from information technology with physical embodiment and what has made them different from other physical appliances is the autonomy as it can endow humanity more richer interactions with them such as social interactions.( Kiesler & Hinds ,2004) nowadays, the belief that human beings can learn more about themselves and their problems via interactions with robots is growing. This is clear that understanding our sociality is critical to understanding our humanity as all of our social and cultural evolutions and transformations are affected by social factors.( Forgas, 2000) so  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">robots can be a supportive assistance for experimental test beddings for scientific inquiries (Adams et al., 2000). Robotic Engineers such as Michael Huhns and the computer scientist Munindar Singh define robots as intelligent agents which are “active, persistent (software) components that perceive, reason, act, and communicate”( Huhns and Singh 1997) so this intelligent agents can “interact with human beings and to make them feel emotional attachment to the robots (Shibata) <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Socio robotic researchers believe that social behavior disorders could be better understood by the assistance of robots, which in turn could aid in the development of effective treatments as we can mention to the endeavor of socio robotics in using robots for treating autistic children (Dautenhahn, 2000) and understanding this impairment by modeling it on robots. (Scassellati, 2000) <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This research was about investigating interactions between autistic children and a mobile robot and was pursued within the Aurora Project. ( Laubichler & Müller, 2007) The Aurora project systematically investigates the usage of robots in autism therapy so the researchers study whether and how interaction skills can be taught to autistic children. This project emphasizes the optimistic viewpoints over using robots in therapeutic contexts.( Dautenhahn et al) <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">As a result since the Robot-assisted therapy for children with Autism presents an approach for developing socially assistive robot (SAR) systems for use as part of an intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), ( Seifer & Mataric,2008), I am hoping that this project will be also for using such systems for patients with schizophrenia. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 1-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">. Kiesler Sara, Hinds Pamela, //Human-robot Interaction: A Special Double Issue of Human-Computer Interaction//, page 10, 2004 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 2-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Forgas, J. (2000). //Affect and Social Cognition//, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 3-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Adams, B., Breazeal, C., Brooks, R., Fitzpatrick, P., and Scassellati, B. (2000). “Humanoid robots: A new kind of tool,” //IEEE Intelligent Systems// 15(4), 25–31. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 4-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Huhns, M. N., & Singh, M. P. (Eds.). //Readings in agents//. San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann, page 1 :1997 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 5-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">T. Shibata, “//Mental commit robot// (paro).” [Online]. Available:www.paro.jp <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 6-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Dautenhahn, K. (2000). //Design issues on interactive environments for children with autism//, in “Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies(ICDVRAT 2000),” Alghero Sardinia, Italy, pp. 153–161 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 7-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Scassellati, B. (2000). //Theory of mind...for a robot//, in Proceedings of the 2000 AAAI Fall Symposium on Socially Intelligent Agents—The Human in the Loop,” Cape Cod, MA, pp. 164–167. Technical Report FS-00-04 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 8-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Laubichler Manfred Dietrich, Müller Gerd B. Modeling Biology: //Structures, Behaviors, Evolution,// .pp238-295:2007 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 9-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Dautenhahn Kerstin, Werry Iain, Salter Tamie, Boekhors Ren_e te, //Towards Adaptive Autonomous Robots in Autism Therapy:Varieties of Interactions//: IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation (CIRA’03), Kobe <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 10-  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Seifer David, Maja Mataric, //Robot-assisted therapy for children with autism spectrum disorders//, the 7th international conference on Interaction design and children, 2008 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * //<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Schizophrenia //**
 * 3- **<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Liddle, P.F. (1987). The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A re-examination of the positive negative dichotomy. //British Journal of Psychiatry, 151,// 145-151
 * //<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Social Intervention //**
 * //<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Human Robot Interaction //**