rogat+-+memo+-+literature+draft+overview+with+bibliography

Michelle Rogat Literature Draft Overview with Bibliography - for each literature section explain what the existing research and literature says, how that will help you with your research, and what you hope to add to the discussion with your research

__** Literature Sections **__
 * 1) Environmental Sustainability Specific to the Country Club - info on greening the golf course, restaurant, club house, pool - done for now
 * 2) Cultural Resistance to Change - change resistance, overcoming habits, analysis paralysis, need for paradigm shift
 * 3) Misconceptions - choice paralysis, rumors hurting business, use TED talk reference
 * 4) Success and Failure - start with TED Talk reference, what is success for an environmentally sustainable business, failures of sustainability - are they studied?, factors involved with projects and in business
 * 5) "Studying-Up" the Elite - importance of studying up, the elites' affluence in shaping society, their role in environmental sustainability, social structure of members at a private/country club - done for now
 * 6) Business Strategies that Promote Environmental Sustainability - long term planning, management strategies, organizational structure of a business, transparency, open communication
 * 7) Status of the Hospitality Industry - what it includes, how it is made of inter-connected business networks, its impact on the environment, hegemonic views of luxury and choice

This is a fact sheet by Audubon International on it's Cooperative Sanctuary Program for Golf Courses. It goes over the different environmental components involved that golf courses would have to cover in the program. This is the certification program in which the Country Club will be pursuing the "Green Certification" for its golf course. I gave a copy of this to the House Committee member to show them a project the club could work towards that I would be able to analyze for my research. This project should be perfect for me to observe and analyze for my research project because it says "it challenges our 'status quo' by directing our thoughts and actions toward environmental awareness and changes our definitions of responsibility." Those are the kinds of challenges I hope to observe and draw information from. I also used the contact info on this sheet to get an interview with Audubon. || Botkin explains that part of the resistance to the environmental movement is our resistance to changing our views of nature. We like to think of nature as this entity that balances itself, will always provide for us, and will never change. He explains that what society has to accept is that the nature of nature is change.
 * Literature Bibliography || Annotations ||
 * Audubon International. (1991). Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program for Golf Courses: Fact Sheet. Troy, NY. Retrieved from www.auduboninternational.org || __SHORT__
 * Botkin, D., Mcphee, J., & Margulis, L. (2000). Forces of Change: A new View of Nature (pp. 15–19). National Geographic Society. || __SHORT - resistance to changing view of nature - transition society is in__

Botkin then explains that the transition society is going through today regarding nature and ecology is analogous to the transition society went through in the 17th and 18th centuries regarding the cosmos. Then society learned that it ws natural for planets to move and change, but abide by rules. He explains that today the transition to understanding nature is likely harder because of the complexity of natural systems that we lack a set of rules for, and maybe we never will because it changes so. || This article explains how the golf course program under Audubon International was started and intitially funded by the USGA. The guy that proposed the whole program was a golfer himself that just happened to go to school for biology and the environment as well. This is interesting because it is probably assumed that the program was invented by an environmentalist when it wasn't, and being invented by a golfer the program might be more readily accepted by club members and golfers. I used this information when I presented Audubon's Cooperative Sanctuary Program for Golf Courses to educate and gain support from the Club's House Committee, which allows my research once the club agreed to pursue "green certification". || This article by the USGA Green Section Record is on the history and current status of environmental management systems (EMSs) in the golf industry. The significant factors for the success of an EMS are management, policy issues, training, and communication. These factors will be good examples of what to look for in my research that contributes to the success and failure of sustainable projects.An EMS is going to affect a club's whole facility, so it's important that everyone involved at the club understands it.
 * Dodson, R. (2011). The Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program Turns 20! A milestone for a unique environmental partnership. Green Section Record, 49, 24–25. || __SHORT__
 * Fletcher, K., & Carrow, R. (2007). Environmental Management Systems. USGA Green Section Record, 23–27. || __SHORT__

Historical context - The surge of the environmental movement in the 1960's brought new legal and social demands to businesses. The CWA of (year?) resulted later in the "Best Management Practices" (BMPs) and in "Integrated Pest Management" (IPM). The International Standards Organization (ISO), made in 1996, and revised in 2004 the standard for environmental management called "ISO 14001 Environmental Management System".

Later on in the research process when I want to approach the Country Club about moving on to other sustainable projects, I might suggest an EMS or EMP. If and when I do that I will nee to convince the Board Members that it is a good idea by listing the potential benefits and costs to the business. Potential benefits include: improved overall environmental performance, prevent pollution, save money on landscape maintenance, energy and materials, enhanced existing compliance, reduced risks and liabilities, increased efficiency, reduced costs, improved club image, and possibly qualify for recognition or incentives programs like the EPA Performance Track Program. Potential costs include: investment of resources and employee time, training costs, consulting assistance, technical resources, and failure to achieve goals. The reason why I think it would be a good idea for the Country Club is because an EMS would cover the whole facility and grounds. However, that also means that upper management and club wide commitment would be needed for it to succeed. These are things that could be considered as factors that contribute to its failure or success. || "In this article I want to assess the progress we have made since the late 1960's in developing a critical repatriated anthropology, pointing out lacunae as well as advances, then discuss the methodological and writing problems inherent in studying up. The article draws in part on my own experience writing an ethnography of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory — the nuclear weapons laboratory in California where such weapons as the MX and the neutron bomb were designed."
 * Gusterson, H. (1997). Studying up revisited. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology …, (1992). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/pol.1997.20.1.114/full || __LONG - importance of studying up, challenges, research designs to match it__

The author points out the issue of access and methodology involved with studying the elite. Usually the elite are behind guarded closed doors and locked gates, so in most cases participant-observation isn't an option. Unless, as he points out, the researcher somehow first becomes an insider, as I am to an extent. I went to work for the club without any intentions of studying the club and not having a clue about what my thesis was even going to be. Now, I work two positions at the country club which provides me with access for my research.

A major difference with studying up is that the subjects will most likely read the results of the research and have the chance and capability to reply to it. This could be bad if the researcher weren't fair in their study, but if they are it could be a great way to promote cross-expertise dialogue and make transparent a once hidden part of society. The results will also be released to a society that may already have formed opinions on the matter, so studying up also makes the researcher more vulnerable to critique, but also to collaboration.

Great quote to help explain why studying up is so important, "The cultural invisibility of the rich and powerful is as much a part of their privilege as their wealth and power, and a democratic anthropology should be working to reverse this invisibility." A democratic and transparent society helps sustainability prosper and grow, and studying up will increase the transparency and bring the shapers of society into the light.

This idea of "multi-site ethnography" supports the structure I made for the research where there are many secondary field sites that branch out as a network from the primary site. By researching on environmental sustainability in the network of resources surrounding the business of the club, I am able to study an important part of the environmental movement that provides for the local variability and human networking of the world system we live in. The author points out that we need to search for ways to study a global system, and that only makes sense since globalization has changed the research field. I would describe my thesis as a "polymorphous engagement" because I am studying across multiple field sites, conducting interviews, networking at public events for potential research participants, keeping up with news on sustainable practices in local businesses and laws affecting them, and I continue to educate myself on the matter through literature review and attending seminars. So not only am I doing a participant-observation case study where I am working with the club, I am also doing research across many sites to gather information from a variety of resources within the club's possible network. || This study assessed the attitudes of golf course managers towards the environment and sustainability, and evaluate the role issues of environmental sustainability took in course management.
 * Hammond, R. a., & Hudson, M. D. (2007). Environmental management of UK golf courses for biodiversity—attitudes and actions. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(2-3), 127–136. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.03.004 || __LONG__

This article relates to the hegemonies around golfers and the environment. The perceptions of whether golf courses have a positive or negative impact on the environment usually depends on whether the person is actively involved in golf or not. Golfers tend to think that courses are good for the environment, whereas most non-golfers do not agree. This shows the potential for negative attitudes towards the golf industry from the outside general public.

Challenges to managing golf courses sustainably include: it might be harder to manage an existing course sustainably compared to building a new course with the local ecology in mind. Another challenge was educating the golfers and members so they understood and wanted the same thing. Otherwise, when management or the members' committee changes, so does the environmental practices being carried out. This also falls under managerial and planning problems along with education and communication. Another potential challenge is criticism from members and golfers that do not understand what is really going on with a project because they are not being informed enough.

Good quote for a challenge and an example of the type of information I hope to gain from my research, just with a more broad interviewee sample to represent the hospitality industry and resources available to a business within it. "All too often it is the uninformed members who stifle forward thinking and prevent pro-active habitat management (Brennan, 1996). The subject of membership education was a recurring theme in the interviews."

This study was very useful for providing and inspiring ideas for interview questions with people involved with the golf course such as: are environmental concerns relevant in decisions regarding the course, is it relevant to the course and it's golfers, how aware are the golfers to the environment and it's wildlife, does the course practice an 'passive practices', etc. The text also provided advice on how and when to ask certain questions, like being open ended by asking anything else and tell me more about that.

Potential projects for the country club include: implementing a program where members sponsor nesting boxes for indigenous birds or bats, developing a policy and an environmental plan for the club that represents long term commitment (this would be good to suggest to the committee once the golf course is certified in order to address which project it might want to move on to next), keep wildlife logs in the locker rooms and restaurant.

Good quote on the role golf courses have in environmental sustainability, "...society needs to seek innovative solutions to address biodiversity loss. This study highlights the untapped potential of golf courses to make a significant and large-scale contribution, and demonstrates the willingness of many course managers to promote good environmental practices."

Gave other resources that might be of interest: -Gange et al., 2003 - seems like it would provide quantitative data on golf courses globally. -Brennan, A., 1996. Living Together, Golf and Nature in Partnership. EnglishGolf Union,Woodhall Spa, Lincolnshire, UK. -Dodson, R.G., 2005. Sustainable Golf Courses—A Guide to Environmental Stewardship.Wiley, New Jersey, USA. -Foody, W., 1993. Constructing Questions for Interviews and Questionnaires. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. -Oppenheim, A.N., 1992. Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Mea-surement, 2nd ed. Pinter Publishers, London. -Platt, A.E., 1994. Toxic Green: The Trouble with Golf. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC. || This paper falls under the literature section of resistance to sustainability because it addresses change resistance as a main issue holding back the environmental movement and the progress of society from becoming more sustainable. The author sees the need for a paradigm shift in focusing the movement on change resistance as a new way to approach the issue of proper coupling of sustainability practices throughout society.
 * Harich, J. (2010). Change resistance as the crux of the environmental sustainability problem. System Dynamics Review, 26(1), 35–72. doi:10.1002/sdr.431 || __LONG - chnage resistance, paradigm shift, misconception__

Definition of change resistance is "the tendency for a system to continue its current behavior, despite the application of force to change that behavior." The following explains the need for a paradigm shift as a way to break down the problem to first addressing the resistance to change caused by the answers in order to the focus on implementing those sustainable solutions. "There’s a simple reason this decomposition works so well: change resistance is usu-ally what makes social problems diffi cult. In fact, regardless of whether change resis-tance is high or low, it is impossible to solve the proper coupling part of a social problem without fi rst solving the change resistance part."

"In business, change resistance has long been known as resistance to change, organi-zational momentum, or inertia. ...the resistance is a response by the system, trying to maintain an implicit system goal. Until this goal is recognized, the change effort is doomed to failure. This applies to the sustainability problem. Until the “implicit system goal” causing systemic change resistance is found and resolved, change efforts to solve the proper coupling part of the sustainability problem are, as Senge argues, 'doomed to failure'." The author quotes Peter Senge to support his claim that there is always going to be resistance in the system until the overall goal and plan of the system addresses or includes environmental sustainability in it's mission statement or goals. This could be a contributing factor to a business's success in it's endeavors to become more sustainable, whether or not the business decides to change its set of goals.

The paper then goes into feedback loops of resistance and of change that are confusing for me to understand. If I find my research fixed on a specfic problem involving resistance in a system I will try to take a better look and understand it.

The author addresses a possible root cause for systemic change resistance as the deceiving idea that economic growth is needed above all else and that it seems to be the economy pitted against the environment. He believes that an answer for society to overcome this deception is for education on detecting fallacies. I disagree with him here and believe the answer will lie in getting the shapers of society, businesses and the elite, on board with the environmental movement.

This explains my reasoning for this thesis research and for the need for a paradigm shift in the focus of the environmental movement:"Change resistance versus proper coupling allows a crucial distinction. Society is aware of the proper practices required to live sustainably and the need to do so. But society has a strong aversion to adopting these practices. As a result, problem solvers have created thousands of effective (and often ingenious) proper practices. But they are stymied in their attempts to have them taken up by enough of the system to solve the problem because an “implicit system goal” is causing insurmountable change resistance. Therefore systemic change resistance is the crux of the problem and must be solved first." || This is the first report of many in its collection that help give a snapshot of the US Golf Industry's current environmental performance, what they are doing to improve, and what the future of the environment looks like in the golf industry, and all the data collected from surveys are being used to develop a national Golf Course Environmental Profile. Depending on how I want to look at the information I gather, I may want to look into the stats and data from these reports to gain a better understanding of the current environmental trends of specifically golf courses in America.To obtain regional information on golf golf courses in the Northeast, the tables provide varying information from the number of courses and what they are made of to the percentages of them that carry out certain practices. These might be helpful for comparing New England golf courses to other regions in the US as well.
 * Heine, R. D., GCSAA, & Environmental Institute for Golf. (2007). Golf Course Environmental Profile. GCSAA, I, 40. || __LONG__

For future possible project ideas for the club's golf course might want to look into literature source 2 on page 24 depending on what Mr. Mack, and other bird enthusiasts are interested in for the club. Table 22 on page 40 lists other improvements that golf courses have previously undertaken. || This article shows the resources of associations and organizations available to help the golf industry to become more sustainable. This is useful by showing me where the golf course can go to for advice and guidance, and where they can go to get awarded for being sustainable. This will prove useful later on if the house committee seems to get dissuaded from pursuing Audubon certification by showing them why it would be beneficial for the club to continue with the sustainable practices through profits, awards, publicity, and an improved image.
 * MacKay, J. (2006). Golf and the Environment Around the World: Concern for the environment is becoming an industry standard everywhere. USGA Green Section Record, (September-October), 33–34. Retrieved from http://gsr.lib.msu.edu/2000s/2006/060933.pdf || __SHORT__

These might be useful for the projects at the Country Club: -EPA will provide incentives to help golf courses improve environmental performance -Club Managers Association of America (CMAA) offers an environmental performance audit to help evaluate current management practices -Environmental Institute for Golf (EIFG) offers educational seminars for superintendents -GCSAA also manages EDGE, a database for golf courses to go to on environmental issues related to golf facilities || This paper includes a case study of the Clear Lake Golf Course (CLGC) located in Manitoba, Canada. They are an amazing example of the sustainable practices a golf club could achieve. It's aim is to provide guidelines and an example for a non-hazardous solid waste audit and record the data for golf facilities.
 * McCartney, D. M. (2003). Auditing non-hazardous wastes from golf course operations: moving from a waste to a sustainability framework. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 37(4), 283–300. doi:10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00077-0 || __LONG__

With increasing environmental awareness and sustainable practices, golf courses have been looked at more and more recently as the "bad guys". They have a huge potential to either positively or negatively impact the environment. There are laws that require Environmental Impact Assessments to be completed when designing and building a golf course, but there isn't much legislation in the way of existing golf courses. This information supports that there is a need for my research in order to show what existing golf courses can do because they can make a big impact on the environment, singularly and in the large numbers of courses there are in the US and the world.

Good stats - estimated more than 25,000 golf courses worldwide, with 15,000 in the US alone and 350 new courses being built in the US each year. This can be used to show the potential for golf courses to make a broad impact.

This paper also provided a good source to look into for four general areas for analysing sustainability that might be potential factors for the success and failure of susatinable projects and practices. - Walter GR, Wilkerson O. Community sustainability auditing. J Environ Plann Manag 1998;41:673?-91. || This provides and example of how a superintendent of a golf course would bring up environmental concerns and opportunities to their house committee, provides an outline of concerns, options, and then recommendations. Through this the golf superintendent (or whoever is proposing this to the committee) then goes on to suggest an environmental consultant, introduces the works of the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program for Golf Courses. When he does give recommendations he really does his homework by looking into the price of options with local businesses and checks with local authorities that everything is up to code properly.
 * Moore, F. (1996). Environmental Common Sense A Sample “ In-House ” Audit. USGA Green Section Record, (January/February). || __SHORT__

Misconceptions and change resistance quotes:"This hesitation on the part of the course leadership to address environmental issues is due to their failure to clearly understand the problems, the belief that their course really is not much of a threat to the environment, and the fear that any action might invite closer scrutiny from outsiders." (pg 1)

Provided my first suggestion to propose to the Country Club - "Our first step should be to enroll in the Cooperative Sanctuary Program developed through a joint effort of the USGA and the Audubon Society of New York State." (pg 5)

Advice - It is important that he includes the negatives of a situation so that when it comes up they are already prepared to deal with it and it makes him look more credible. For example, some golfers will not appreciate the un-kept look, and this is an example of resistance that will have to be addressed with the House Committee and take notes on their reactions and thoughts.

Education/Training - An educational effort is needed to let everyone know what's going on and the importance of the changes being done. This can help prevent resistance and complaints, and will help to educate on sustainability at the club's golf course. || CT started working to pass these laws "in October 2011 with the passage of Public Act 11-217, which required large commercial waste generators (more than 104 tons per year) to divert food waste if they were within 20 miles of a licensed facility."
 * Serfass, P., & American Biogass Council. (2013, July). Vermont, now Connecticut, Models for Diverting Organics | Biomassmagazine.com. Biomass Magazine. Retrieved from http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/9153/vermont-now-connecticut-models-for-diverting-organics || __SHORT__

"With the June 20 (2013) signing of Connecticut’s Public Act 13-285, An Act Concerning Recycling and Jobs, the Constitution State will start to divert organics to organics recycling facilities next year." (implemented on Jan 1, 2014)

" Vermont signed into law Act 148, An Act Relating to Establishing Universal Recycling of Solid Waste, which borrowed the Connecticut model of applying the law to large generators, but took it a couple steps further by gradually ratcheting down the threshold from 104 tons per year of food residuals all the way down to all food residuals in 2020. Vermont also required a recycling facility to be within 20 miles of the waste generator for the law to activate. "

"Connecticut returned the favor this year in Public Act 13-285, which keeps the 104-ton- per-year starting point for commercial generators, reducing to 52 tons per year in 2020."

"Since Connecticut’s law doesn’t get activated until Jan. 1, 2014, and Vermont’s— although passed the year before—doesn’t activate until July 1, 2014, in many ways, it’s too early to claim success."

The point of this magazine article is to show that there are laws soon coming into affect that require the diversion of orgnic waste (food waste) from landfill through organics recycling facilities. However, these laws are only activated for those commercial waste generators that are within 20 miles of such a facility. That way it won't be an excessive burden on some businesses, but does give the incentive for new facilities to develop, because they would be gauranteed business.

This relates to my research because food waste is the next potential target for a project at the Country Club that I had briefly discussed with their Chef. Tyler Holloway from Empire Zero, the food waste hauling company, mentioned in his interview that these laws are coming into effect soon and it should only be a couple of years until these laws come to New York State and businesses will have to comply then anyway. || "This dissertation reports on interviews with members of five exclusive country clubs in the Northeastern United States.... This research describes the perspective of wealthy white people, and critiques it as inadequate to a full understanding of the consequences of their actions. It shows how country club members talk and act in ways that help preserve their privileges, and the reasons why they do so."
 * Sherwood, J. H. (2004). Talk About Country Clubs: Ideology and the Reproduction of Privilege. North Carolina State University. Retrieved from http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/3016/1/etd.pdf || __LONG__

This thesis paper will provide insight into the social structure of the country club, especially since it is based on country clubs in Northeastern America. This will also be helpful in guiding my own research techniques for studying up the members at the Country Club. I haven't been able to finish reading this yet, but am making progress.

This is a thesis that analyzes the elite class of country clubs, how they talk and act in order to preserve and reproduce their class privileges. This is proving to be very good for providing information on hegemonic backgrounds and demographics on country clubs. While I'm reading this a lot of my own experiences working at the country club keeps coming to mind that pertains to my research as well. Sherwood also brings up good reasons as to why its important to study the elite. || This study compares the opinions of club managers, board members, and club members regarding the success factors for private clubs. This is useful by showing the different perceptions of the stakeholders involved at a private club. I like this study because it parallels my own interest in studying the failures of a plan/project/etc. and this paper aimed to contribute to the lack of research on what factors are involved with a private club failing, just like with research on the failures of sustainability.
 * Singerling, J., Robert, C., & Ninemeier, J. (1997). Success Factors in Private Clubs. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. || __LONG__

A challenge I face with my research at the club is the members being afraid that information released might be counterproductive to their goals and afraid of sending the wrong message.

General managers and members have been with their club for years, therefore there is a higher probability of clubs being able to succeed in projects over other businesses. This is because a private club has longer lasting stakeholders that are in it for the long haul and truly care about the progress of their club. This directly relates to whether a sustainability project will succeed with long lasting support from club members or might fail due to a turnover in the board committee or management.

The harmony of opinions of all stakeholders on what is important to the success of a private club is astonishing, and can't really be found in other industries. So it seems that as long as there are a small amount of people in a club that would like to see something happen, there are good chances that the rest of the club is along the same thinking. This could bode very well for sustainability depending on the members' views of the environment.

The tables included in this article are of the success factors for a private club by the members, board members, and management. || This text is an overview of the Wildlife Links program that is a joint venture between the USGA and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. It goes through all of the different wildlife aspects of a golf course and opportunities for the golf course to take part in helping conserve the natural environment and help species populations.
 * USGA - Green Section, & National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. (2006). Wildlife Links Program: Improving Golf’s Environmental Game. USGA. Retrieved from http://www.usga.org/course_care/environmental_programs/wild_links_program/Wild-Links-Program/ || __LONG__

Quotes: "I am inspired by the growing environmental conservation ethic within the golfing industry, which has embraced what has been intuitively understood all along - that a healthy environment is good for golf, and that golf can play a vital role in enhancing the natural environment." (pg 5)

"Environmental stewardship covers a wide variety of topics, from water conservation and water quality management to numerous other practices designed to keep weeds in check, playing surfaces thriving and wildlife habitats healthy. One of the best ways to get started is to develop an environmental plan." (pg 21)

This is great to show me where to start will addressing wildlife issues at the country club, and it provides places where to get more info and help. This article brings up the hegemonic view that there's always been this notion, at-least within the golfing community, that the environment was vital to golf and golf can be vital to the environment.

-lays out how I would start going about analyzing the clubs situation and the opportunities for the GC to improve for the local wildlife ||
 * Womack, M. (1995). Studying Up and the Issue of Cultural Relativism. NAPA Bulletin, 48–57. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/napa.1995.16.1.48/abstract || __LONG - studying up & role of cultural relativism__ This paper comments on Laura Nader's challenge (1974) for anthropoligists to "study up" and study the people in power in a society instead of just studying down the poor. Nader asked if there were different ethics and methods for studying up than the ones for studying down, and Womack believes that it has a lot to do With cultural relativism. Womack claims that cultural relativism is used by anthropologists when they are studying down as a way to counteract the power they have over their study subjects. She then asks if the same technique should be applied when stuyding up since the subjects of study have society's upper hand or power.

Studying up hasn't happened much before because it can make the researhc uneasy and it is easier to study down because of access to subjects. This relates to the thesis by supporting the argument that there aren't many studies that include studying up, and I'm in a position where I feel comfortable enough to do it.Womack claims that a challenge of studying up is how hard it can be for the researcher to distance their own emotions from the subjects. Also it seems the author is saying that there is a fine line to walk to ensure the research is getting done properly but to also keep research approval and access to the subjects.

From this paper I conclude that cultural relativism should only ever apply as a methodology and nothing more. If it is applied as a value method then it claims to know which culture is the standard to base others off of, it prescribes them value over one another and in this way is ethnocentric. In my opinion it would be unethical to use cultural relativism as a value method and should only be used as a methodology. Therefore, it should apply in any kind of research and would be useful when "studying up".

I need to consider how I would define and categorize the members at the country club as a high-status group that allows for studying up. The author makes a point to distinguish having money and fame as separate from having power, but either could establish the people as high-status. Similar to views on athletes, club members hold the social role of being viewed with comtempt as pompous or uncaring to other social classes like they don't understand the value of their money and the bad guys for the enivronment. At the country club there are different hierarchies to categorize the members that affects how they view each other and others view them. Like how long they have been members for, the member category they are in, the amount of money they make, how old they are, if they follow the social rules and dress codes of the club, the social circles they are in and their influence through them, and whether they are on the board committee or not.

Sticking to the basic questions an anthropologist would ask seemed to work well for Womack. Questions like what is the group's demographics, how does it define oneself, and what does it consider important. The essential questions of "Who are you and what do you think you are doing?', proved to be the most valuable and true to this author's own studies, even in a complex and familiar environment. I will have to remember this when I start my own interviews with the members at the club so I include some of these basic questions. I believe it will prove wrong some of the hegemonies that exist about the members and the country club. ||

Biblioraphy - INCLUDES CITATION FOR INTERVIEWS AND SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS, haven't gotten past reading the abstracts and intro on a lot of these, and still need to update annotations on them, but this is what I have in my Mendeley folder so far:
 * Country Club of Troy. About the Club | The Country Club of Troy. Retrieved December 17, 2013, from http://countrycluboftroy.com/?page_id=8
 * Crowell, S., Crowell, T., Deyoe, E., Edwards, J., Flood, K., Gleason, M., … Anderson, J. S. (n.d.). Energy.
 * Dunphy, D., Benn, S., & Griffiths, A. (2003). Organizational Change for Corporate Sustainability.pdf.
 * Fletcher, K., & Audubon International. (2004). The benefits of the ACSP for Golf Courses: Examples in Practice. The Premier Club Services. The Premier Club Services, Club Managers Association of America. doi:Vol. 12 No. 1
 * Friend, G. (2009). The Truth About Green Business (Google eBook) (p. 240). Que Publishing. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=GSZSiopJgk0C&pgis=1
 * Gross, B. Y. P. (2013). Developing a Drought-Emergency Plan. USGA, 51(223630), 1–5.
 * Hassink, R. (2005). How to unlock regional economies from path dependency? From learning region to learning cluster. European Planning Studies, 13(4), 521–535. doi:10.1080/09654310500107134
 * King, K. W., Balogh, J. C., & Harmel, R. D. (2000). Feeding turf with wastewater, (January), 59–62.
 * Lampman, J., & Rogat, M. (2013). Audio of Interview with Audubon Employee - Joellen Lampman. Troy, NY.
 * Lappé, F. M. (2011). EcoMind: Changing the Way We Think, to Create the World We Want (p. 288). New York: Nation Books.
 * Milorganite. (2013). Milorganite’s History. Retrieved from http://www.milorganite.com/en/Header-Links/About-Us/History.aspx
 * O’Neill, D., & Dietz, R. (2012). Enough Is Enough: Building a Sustainable Economy in a World of Finite Resources (p. 256). Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
 * Peters, B. G., Pierre, J., & King, D. S. (2008). The Politics of Path Dependency: Political Conflict in Historical Institutionalism. The Journal of Politics, 67(04), 1275–1300. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00360.x
 * Rammel, C., & van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2003). Evolutionary policies for sustainable development: adaptive flexibility and risk minimising. Ecological Economics, 47(2-3), 121–133. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00193-9
 * Schendler, A. (2009). Getting green done: Hard truths from the front lines of the sustainability revolution (p. 304). PublicAffairs.
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